Karin Molander Danielsson The Private Life of the Series Detective Like Philip Marlowe, the detective of contemporary detective series may keep a bottle in a drawer, but if he does, he very likely also has an ac- knowledged drinking problem. Similarly, if he meets a sexy blonde in a bar, she probably is his steady but problematic girlfriend, or the mother of his children. There is nothing one-dimensional about contemporary detec- tives; they are seldom simply tough, or intellectual, or street smart. Whether male or female, straight or gay, they may be tough but vulnerable, intellectual and depressed, street smart but self-conscious, and afflicted with ulcers, diabetes, divorce, sick children and relatives with Alzheimer’s. In short, the former cardboard figure has over the last thirty years or so turned into a dynamic character, with a private life and personal problems. The detective series, moreover, has developed from a chronicle of murder cases to a life story in installments, the private life of the series detective. In what I see as a clear shift of focus from detecting to detective, from case to life story, character development is a key feature. Dorothy L. Sayers predicted this future for the detective novel in her essay “Gaudy Night”1 and heralded it in the novels that depict the developing love affair between Lord Peter and Harriet Vane. However, other characters in Golden Age detective fiction were generally sketchily drawn and unlikely either to de- velop from book to book or to let themselves be influenced by the cases or the people they investigated. In one of the chapters of Form and Ideology in Crime Fiction, Stephen Knight discusses some of Agatha Christie’s most successful works, and concludes that her one-dimensional characters and simple motives are in 1 Dorothy L. Sayers: “Gaudy Night”. Howard Haycraft (ed.): The Art of the Mystery Story. New York: 1946, 208–221 (209). 1 fact evidence of her particular skill. In Christie’s world, Knight says, “[m]arionettes are provided to play out the extraordinary complicated ac- tion, the puzzle plot is made possible, suspicion of all can be created with- out probing the real roots or mechanisms of unsocial behaviour.”2 The re- sult is a text that resembles not so much the traditional novel as folk tales, children’s stories, and gossip. “In all these forms, characters have a few crucial features, motivation is simple and only explained in terms of devi- ance from good,” Knight argues.3 As I will show, however, this would not describe most contemporary detective series, which in fact do resemble tra- ditional, realistic novels in that psychological processes are part of the plot and developing characters are the sources of action. An important difference between the early detective novels and those that are more recent is of course the much developed series form. Although the detective series has a long history, the modern kind bears little resem- blance to the early series where a protagonist simply recurred in a number of novels with no distinguishable order, and with no development of life or character. In the new kind of series the protagonist is followed from one adventure to the next, but also from one boyfriend to the next or to mar- riage, from one house to the next, from health to illness and back to health, etc. There is an emphasis on narrative order within the series; cause in one novel is followed by effect in the next, and there are numerous references to the past, chronicled in earlier installments. The protagonist is moreover affected by these events and can be seen to change, develop and mature as the series progresses. In this way character in contemporary series is connected to seriality, to the concern with narrative order within a series.4 In the early series, how- ever, it does not matter in what order you read the Hercule Poirot novels, because Poirot is always the same. Although we learn a few details from the private life of Hercule Poirot – his obsession with symmetry and neat- ness, his sweet tooth, his fear of pain at the dentist,5 and so on – these de- tails are all presented as part of his original type, provided to reinforce our first impression of his character. They are not there to suggest a developing 2 Stephen Knight: Form and Ideology in Crime Fiction. Bloomington: 1980, 124. 3 Knight: Form and Ideology, 125. 4 Seriality is my term for the (almost self-conscious) concern with internal order seen in modern series of detective and other fiction. These novels are firmly interconnected and there are numerous intraserial references that encourage reading them in narrative order. Seriality is discussed at length in my dissertation, The Dynamic Detective: Special In- terest and Seriality in Contemporary Detective Series. Uppsala: 2002. 5 Agatha Christie: One, Two, Buckle My Shoe. (1940). Glasgow: 1981. 2 character, and are in no way related to the story. If you pick up a Reginald Hill or a Walter Mosley novel, however, the changes in their detectives’ private lives are presented as part of the plot. Their characters fall in love, have children, get divorced or come out as gay and these events trigger other events in the same or later novels in the series. It is certainly possible to read these novels out of order with enjoyment, but the sustained seriality adds an extra dimension. Intraserial references become meaningful to read- ers as well as to characters, and although the murder story attains closure in each volume, the life story of the detective continues in subsequent books, and the wish to follow this story becomes a reason for reading the series. This, I claim, is true of many contemporary detective series. In their book Detective Agency: Women Rewriting the Hard-Boiled Tra- dition Priscilla L. Walton and Manina Jones include a brief section on the consequences of the series form, in which several authors of detective se- ries emphasize the character developing aspect of the series. “I love writing series fiction. I love being able to peel back another layer of character with every new book, to allow them to tell me things about themselves I never knew, to watch them grow,” says Dana Stabenow, author of the Kate Shugak series. Similarly, Valerie Wilson Wesley, author of the Tamara Hayle series, notes that she likes the series form because “it allows you to develop a character in ways that you may not be able to in a different kind of book.”6 Carolyn Heilbrun who, under the pseudonym of Amanda Cross, writes the series about Kate Fansler has also emphasized the importance of character development in a statement about her character: “Kate [Fansler] was gutsy. She also held a few opinions I now consider retrograde […] but she has changed with time, she’s learned, and that’s all one can ask of any- body.”7 These authors all point to the series form’s suitability for character development, something I want to take a closer look at in this article. My examples come from two best-selling detective series, one British and one American: Reginald Hill’s Dalziel and Pascoe series, and Walter Mosley’s Easy Rawlins series. Reginald Hill published his first Dalziel and Pascoe novel in 1970 and his latest to date in 2002. His main characters are Chief Inspector Peter Pascoe, Ellie Pascoe, Peter’s wife, Superintendent Andy Dalziel, and Ser- geant Wield. In Hill’s series, as well as in many other modern detective novels, the main themes are usually played out repeatedly, but slightly dif- 6 Priscilla L. Walton, Manina Jones: Detective Agency: Women Rewriting the Hard- Boiled Tradition. Berkeley: 1999, 57. 7 Carolyn Heilbrun: Writing a Woman’s Life. London: 1989, 116. 3 ferently, by the different characters, in that professional agendas are mir- rored by personal concerns. Thus, in On Beulah Height (1998), a police case concerning the disappearance and death of several little girls is inves- tigated against the background of Pascoe’s daughter’s “disappearance” into unconsciousness due to illness.8 This mirroring is a common enough narra- tive technique, but in good series fiction like Hill’s, it becomes part of characterization. It is a personal drama offering insight into Pascoe’s char- acter and personal life, and into the police case in the narrative present, as well as something that is very likely to resurface later on and become a link to the detective’s personal history, and a clue to his subsequent behavior. In Hill’s novel Under World (1988), set in a post-strike mining commu- nity, plot and characterization are inextricably connected with the setting and its inherent conflicts.9 The relationship between Peter Pascoe, the duti- ful policeman, and his wife Ellie, who is a radical feminist, is a recurring point of interest and latent conflict in this series, and seldom more so than in this novel where they end up on opposing sides in the conflict. Hill’s main characters are not only seen through the eyes of the mining commu- nity and in the light of what occurs there, they are also seen as reacting to, and changing because of these events. By the end of Under World, Peter Pascoe is seriously injured in an accident down an old mine, and ends up spending a long time in hospital. When he returns, in Bones and Silence (1990), we learn that experiences drawn in his last case have caused him to reconsider his relationship with his wife. Prior to the case which left him with his still painful leg, he had confided without inhibition or censorship in Ellie.