RULES ADOPTED BY THE BOARD OF REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAVAI1 MAY 21, 1Q48 VITB REGARD TO THE REPRODUCTION OF- MASTERS THESES No person or corporation may publish or reproduce in any nanner, without the consent of the Board of Regents, a thesis which has been submitted to the University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree, ib} No individual or corporation or other organization may publish quotations or excerpts from a graduate thesis without the consent of the author and of the University. PRIMACY OF THE PACIFIC It TJHDKR THE HAYiAIlAN KINGDOM A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIYISIOK OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS FEBRUARY 1951 9y Jason Horn _ _ . _ (4zicuy\. ^ I - 7 3 L 3 1-13 AT' CO/?. PREFACE Existing accounts of international diplomatic developments in 1887 affecting Samoa do not oover adequately the important role played by the Hawaiian Kingdom, This has been due largely to the unavailability of the requisite source material because of the geo­ graphical isolation of the Hawaiian Islands. This study is based very largely upon hitherto unpublished manuscript material in the Archives of Hawaii. It seeks not only to show fully Hawaii's role in the Samoan imbroglio of 1887. but also to give the complete his­ torical development of the axpansionlstlo "Primacy" policy in Hawaii up to its culmination in its most important phase, the Bush Mission and Kaimiloa Expedition of 1887. In doing the research for this study I have had the devoted assistance of my wife and the generous advice and assistance of Hiss Maude Jones, head of the Archives of Hawaii, and of her staff, especially Mrs. Aurora Domingo. Mrs. PhilomBna Morrison. Mr. Henry C. K. Choy, Mrs. Rachael Chang. Mr. Eugene Chang, and Ifr. David K. Piiaanu. Mr. Piimanu translated some Hawaiian-language material which otherwise oould not have been used. The quotation from the July. 1880. dispatch of the Chi ted States' Minister at Honolulu, cited in Chapter Til. was furnished by Professor Emeritus Ralph S. Kuykendall. Jason Horn University of Hawaii Honolulu. T. H. January. 1961 TABLE OF CONTENTS i i I . THE EARLY PERIOD - lAMEHAJCtiA AML' BOKI Introduc tio&t .*«*•*«••.. 1 buMhuaht I and a Ubited Polynesia 2 Bold and the He* Hebrides « . • 4 11. CHARLES ST. JULUN AMD THE POLYNESIAN CONFEDERATION Achievements in General ••••••••••. 7 LiTa • 7 Association With Hawaii and Objectives. 8 ftylxie*s life and View* ............................................... 9 St. Julian Offers Services. •••••••.. 10 Services Accepted 11 In* true tlona ................ 12 St. Julian*a Plana and Request For Wore Powers 12 Issuance of Coaaissions............................................. 13 Use of P ress. ................ 14 Attempts to Establish a "Moral Protectorate". IS X II. CHAR1ES ST. JULIAN AND PACIFIC ISLAND DEVELOPMENTS, 1864-18*51 Activities in General ••••••••••••• 17 Appointments of Consuls •*••••••••»• 17 Claims of Overtures For Cession of Pi ¿Ian lend. 18 Advisory Assistance to Tonga. •••••*•«• 18 Offer of Servioea to Ocher Nations. 19 King George*a Visit to Hawaii Rejected. .... 20 Relations Vith Samoa. ............. 20 Seeks to Change British Policy. •••»,*•• 21 Classifies Various Islands. •••••••••• 22 Sends Advisory Pai^hlat To London .«••••. 22 Prepares Memo On Samoan Policy. •••••• •• 23 IV. CHARLES ST. JULIAN AND HIS ATXEMP T TO ANNEX FOR HAWAII A SOUTH PACIFIC ATOLL Boyd's Acquisition Of Stewart's Islands .... 24 Webster's Plane For Atoll ••..••••* . • 26 St. Julian Seeks Cession Approval •••••• • 26 Deliberations end Decision of Hawaii. ..... 26 Webster Cedes Atoll to St. Julian ...... • 29 Wyllie Fails to Ant •• 29 Order of Aroasl Created ••••••••••.. 30 V. THE LAST YEARS UK THE CONSULATE GENERAL TO POLYNESIA. 1870-1872 General Survey. ••••.... ................................. 33 St. Julian Renews Correspondence. ....... 33 iT Emphasises Possible Fiji Protectorate. .... 34 Favorable Attitude of Harris ........................ 34 Conmisaion Renewed •••••••«•••... 35 Harris* Attitude Towards Expenditures For Sqaniint 35 St* Julian Proposes Fiji Mission 36 Seeks British Support for Hawaii's Protectorate* ■•••••.•••••.. 36 Appointed Special Comissianer •••••**. 37 lew Fiji (ioTenuwnt Fonsed •••••••••• 37 Recognised by Hawaii •••••*•••.•.• 38 St. Julian*s Visit to F iji .......................................... 38 Accepts Fijian Post. 39 Final Reconnendations. ............................•••• 39 Reeves Seeks to Carry On..........* 40 Polynesia Post Ended ••••••••■*.•• 41 CHAPTER VI. CHARLES ST. JULIAS — Ah ANALYSIS AHD EVALUATION PositiTe Aocon^lishments •••••••*••• 43 Claim to Attention ............................... 43 Query as to llotives of St* Julian. •••••• 43 St* Julian's Personality • •••••••••» 44 lork on Area Survey. ...................... ••••• 46 Seeks to Influence British Policy................................... 47 Seeks Material Cain. .»i.......... 47 Sumiary ...*....•***•»*»**«• 48 Attitude of Ityllie 48 Attitude of Other Hawaiian Leaders •••••• 49 Background Situation in Hawaii •••.••.. 50 Guano Annexations. •*..«....■•*». 50 Question of Possible Accomplishments of St. Julisn. ............. *. 52 CHAPTER V II. riALTER MURiAY GIB SUN AIL THE BEGIHHIHG OF HIS PRIMACY OF THE PACIFIC POLICY Relative Responsibility of Gibson and Ealakaua 64 Baokground on Gibson's Life* ......... 55 Assembly Resolution of 1880. 59 Kalakaua's Ideas ............... 59 Absenoe of Expansionism Prior to 1882. • ■ • . 59 Bray Mission 82 Press Intimation of "Primacy" Policy • • . • • 63 Appointment and Instructions of Tripp. .... 64 ActiTitles of Tripp and Clarke «••••••• 65 Later Criticism of Tripp Mission •••*••• 66 CHAPTER T ill. THE HAWAIIAN DIPLOMATIC PROTESTS OF 1883 AND 1886 International Situation in Oceania in 1883 ■ • 68 Press Intimation of Protest •••*••••• 69 Cabinet Aetion on Protest. ••••••.... 69 Press Build-Up .•..•••*..«.«.* • 70 Dispatch of and Replies to Protest •••*•• 71 American Reply 72 Difficulty idth Great Britain Over Pro teat. • * Foreign Opinion • Press C riticise ........................ • • * ......................... Gibson's Motives. •••• •••«••••••• Samoa Protest of 1885 ....................... beacon Background Gibson's Plans. ••••«••••••••••• Press InHmation of Move. • •»#*.••••• Hawaii's Diplomatic Action. •••• •••••• Hature of Rosponse. ... • • Signiflcanoe• . ................... • Intimation of Future Policy Regarding Samoa • . THE GARTER MISSION OF 1885, ITS SEQUEL. AMD THE 1886 ATTEMPT TO OBTAIN THE NORTHWESTERS CHAIN OF ISLANDS Objectives of Mission to Europe ••••••• • Development of Idea • Ins true tions to Carter. ••••••••••*• Carter's Initial Reaction ........................ Gibson's Concept of Hawaii's Role ••••••• Carter Sounds Out Bayard. ........ ... Background International Developments in the Pacifio. ......a........ Carter Meets Bismarck....................................................... Carter Visits The Hague and Paris • . • • • • • Carter's Activities in London •••••••»• Returns to Find Delayed Ins true tions. Carter Estimates Situation. •••••»••*• British Delayed Reply Arrives ••••*•••• Criticism of Mission in Hawaii. ........ Evaluation of Mission Carter Instrueted to Seek Pacific Convention Again. .................. Carter's Reaction ••••••••••••••• Sounds Out Bayard •••••••••• ................... Influenoe and Discussion of Delayed British Reply* Carter Follows Gibson's Instructions. • Replies of the Powers Evaluation of Gibson's Diplomatio Actions . • Annexation of Ooesn Island by Hawaii. • . • • Criticism of Annexation In Hawaii............................ Attempt to Ley Claim to All Northwest Islands . Bayard's Attitude ••••••••••*•••• PREPARATIONS FOR THE SAMUAN MISSION Gibson Fans Kalakaua's Enthusiasm ............................ Outlines Polioy to Legislative Assembly • • • • Earlier Intimations of Hawaii's Samoan Polioy • Arguments in Legislature Over Polioy....................... Actions Taken by Legislature. ............................ Gibson Appoints Greenebaum vi Background, of Greenebaum *••••••••«* 101 Effect of Appointment on Bismarck and Bayard . 102 Ad rice of Bates* ••••••*•*•••••• 103 Gibson'S Attitude* ••••*•• * 104 Press Critioism. 104 Royal Order of the Otar of Oceania Created * * 103 Bush Commissioned. • •••••••*•••*• 105 CHAPTER X I* JOHN EDWARD BUSH NEGOTIATES AH HAA AlZ-3AJJOA TREAT! OP COB FRDLRA'i'I ON Bush's Parly •••••••*••••••••• 106 Bush's departure •••••••*••••••• 106 Bush's Instructions. «•••••••* * * * * 107 Background Situation in Samoa. ••••■•*• 108 immediate Result of Bush's Arrival •••••• 109 Officially Received by Bali «to a.................................. 110 Bush Changes Quarters* ••••••*••••• 110 Entertains Malietoa. •••••••••*••• 110 Arranges ^eal with Hailetoa. ••••••••• 111 Press Criticism of dush-Malietoa Relationship. Ill Bush's Estimate of Taeasese. ••••••••• 112 Bush and Poor Try to Bolster Hallotoa. • • • • 112 Hawaii Purohasos --.xplorer. ••••••••*• 114 Confliot over Cutfl ttlng of Explorer * * * * * 115 B ritain P ro tests A gainst BusK M ission. * * * . 116 Attitude of Bisuarok ••••••••••••• 118 Carter's Ideas Regarding the Bush Mission. * * 119 Carter Instructed to Infom Bayard and Bi soar ok.......................................................................... 119 Bayard's Reaction. •••*••••• ....................... 120 Bayard's Relations with Alvensleben. * * * • • 120 Hawaii Approves Carter as Samoan Envoy * * * * 121 Asterioan Disapproval of Carter