An Abstract of Study of Parameters in the Development of Sustainable Transportation System: A Case Study of Mumbai, India By Bhairavi S. Dhakras Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for Master of Civil Engineering The University of Toledo August 2004 Urban transportation forms one of the most important components of urban development. With the growing business, trade and urbanization all over the world, there is a growth in demand for transportation. Transportation problems mainly arise due to this growing demand and the inadequacy of the supply of transport facilities. This imbalance between capacity or supply of transport facilities and the increasing demand from people causes an unsustainable condition. Traffic congestion, travel delays and dissatisfaction amongst the travelers are all the results of this imbalance. These are accompanied by environmental problems like air and noise pollution with high vehicular emissions and excessive fuel consumption. Concept of sustainability thus arises from the ii need of having a transportation system which would efficiently cater to the needs and travel demands of citizens, without causing any adverse effect on the environment. In this study, literature regarding transportation planning and urban designing is reviewed for various developed and developing countries. Most populous city in the world, developing city in Asia and the financial capital of India, the City of Mumbai, is selected as the study area. Views of the citizens of Mumbai and information about their regular traveling pattern are collected through a web survey. Transportation scenario and problems in this city are closely observed and studied which lead to interesting findings and facts. These include congestion index, loss in working hours, vehicular emissions, average speed, distance, travel time, expenses and commuter satisfaction. A statistical analysis is carried out to measure the commuter satisfaction and different aspects of the transportation system affecting the performance of the system as a whole. It is deduced that congestion, rush, delay, parking, pedestrian facilities and road quality are major factors from people’s point of view, which significantly affect their satisfaction or acceptability of the performance of Mumbai Transportation System. Environmental problems are also studied for the City of Mumbai, and recommendations made to alleviate them. It is finally inferred that there is an urgent need for comprehensive transportation planning, dispersing population, curbing private vehicle use and effectively facilitating the public transportation in the City of Mumbai. iii Dedicated to My parents, brother and sister in law in Mumbai, India Thank you for being with me, always! iv Acknowledgements I take this opportunity to thank Dr. Jiwan Gupta for his guidance, suggestions and co-operation. I am grateful to Dr. Candace Ayars for her immense help with the statistical analysis. Without her effort and help, this analysis would not have been possible. I appreciate Dr. Heydinger and Dr. Mostaghel for being on my defense committee. I am thankful to my parents, my brother and my sister in law in India, who have been a constant source of support and inspiration throughout my stay in the United States. I appreciate Anirban’s help with technical details and comments, Amit’s suggestions and guidance, Priya for sharing pictures of Mumbai, Mr. Vijay Sidhaye for Mumbai maps and Tanvi, Srilakshmi and Rachana for their co-operation and understanding throughout their stay with me. I express my gratitude towards Mr. Seeman Corey, Rachana and Anirban, who helped me design the online questionnaire. I am thankful to Save Bombay Committee, Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority, Regional Transport Office of Mumbai, Mumbai Municipal Corporation, Sustainable Transportation Yahoo Group and all the other web sites and books, which provided me with a great deal of information. I am especially thankful to Mr. Kisan Mehta, president of Save Bombay Committee, who has been my greatest inspiration in making Mumbai a sustainable city. I thank the citizens of Mumbai, who by their responses and comments have made this research possible. v Table of Content Page Abstract ii Dedication iv Acknowledgements v Table of Content vi List of Figures, Maps and Photos ix List of Tables xii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Sustainability 1.2.1 Definition 3 1.2.2 Measures (Indicators) of Sustainability 6 1.3 Research Objectives 9 Chapter 2: Literature Review 11 2.1 Urbanization and Unsustainable Transportation 11 2.2 Demand Management – Means to Sustainability 13 2.2.1 Land Use Planning 14 2.2.2 Non-Motorized Transportation 22 vi Page 2.3 Role of Policy Implementers – Government 29 2.4 Towards Sustainable Transportation – Meaning and Indicators 31 Chapter 3: Study Area – City of Mumbai, India 34 3.1 Information of the City – History and Development 34 3.2 Geography and Population 35 3.3 Employment 40 3.4 Transportation 42 3.5 Traffic in Mumbai 48 3.6 Environmental Crisis 51 Chapter 4: Taking a closer look at Transportation Problems Focus on Andheri, a Mumbai suburb 55 4.1 Overview of the area 55 4.2 Transportation Infrastructure 57 4.2.1 Streets 57 4.2.2 Sidewalks 60 4.3 Planning and Management 62 4.4 Heterogeneous Mix of Traffic 66 4.5 Environmental Pollution 70 4.6 Spreading Localities 70 4.7 Indiscipline and inefficient control of traffic 71 4.8 Land Use Planning – Concentration of Employment Centers 72 vii Page Chapter 5: Data Collection and Analysis 74 5.1 Data Collection 74 5.1.1 Online Survey 74 5.1.2 Survey Design and Observations 76 5.2 Analysis 83 5.2.1 Commuter Satisfaction 83 5.2.2 Statistical Analysis 85 5.3 Environmental Aspect 99 Chapter 6: Results and Inference 106 6.1 Interpretation and Inference 106 6.2 Suggestions for Mitigation 107 6.2.1 Dispersion of Population and Employment – Satellite Towns 107 6.2.2 Facilitation of Public Transportation 108 6.2.3 Parking 110 6.2.4 Pedestrian Convenience 110 6.2.5 Curbing personalized vehicles on roads 111 Chapter 7: Conclusion and Recommendations 113 7.1 Conclusion 113 7.2 Recommendations 115 References 116 Appendix 122 viii List of Figures Page Figure 1.1 Sustainability Curves 6 Figure 3.1 Graph of increase in population in Mumbai from years 1911 to 1991 with estimated population in the year 2003 40 Figure 3.2 Motor vehicles (all types) from 1980 to 2003 in Mumbai 49 Figure 3.3 Increase in private motor ownership (two-wheelers and cars) 49 Figure 3.4 Average Air Pollution Levels at Traffic Junctions of suburbs of Wadala, Mahim and Andheri in Year 2002-03 52 Figure 5.1 Graph showing AM and PM peak hours of travel 77 Figure 5.2 Graph showing percentile speeds for AM Road Traffic 80 Figure 5.3 Graph showing percentile speeds for PM Road Traffic 80 Figure 5.4 Distribution of scores for Mumbai Transportation System as a whole 86 Figure 5.5 Distribution of responses about Road Quality 86 Figure 5.6 Distribution of responses about Congestion 87 Figure 5.7 Distribution of responses about Delay due to Speed 87 Figure 5.8 Distribution of responses about Frequency of Buses and Trains 88 Figure 5.9 Distribution of responses about Pedestrian Facilities 88 Figure 5.10 Distribution of responses about Rush in Public Transport 89 Figure 5.11 Distribution of responses about Parking 89 ix Figure 5.12 Distribution of responses about Availability of alternate modes 90 Figure 5.13 Distribution of responses about Cost of Travel 90 Figure 5.14 Distribution of scores for Crowding 93 Figure 5.15 Distribution of scores for Availability of Transportation Modes 93 Figure 5.16 Distribution of scores for Infrastructure 94 Figure 5.17 Distribution of scores for Cost 94 Figure 5.18 Graph of Linear Regression 98 Figure 5.19 Emission levels (gm/km) for buses and trucks with respect to speed 100 Figure 5.20 Emission levels (gm/km) for cars with respect to speed 101 Figure 5.21 Emission levels (gm/km) for two wheelers, four stroke with respect to speed 102 Figure 5.22 Emission levels (gm/km) for two wheelers, two stroke with respect to speed 103 List of Maps Map 3.1 Map of Mumbai 36 Map 3.2 Mumbai with significant areas 38 Map 3.3 City of Mumbai with roadways and important locations 44 Map 3.4 City of Mumbai showing Western Railway and x Central Railway 46 Map 4.1 Focus Area in Mumbai – The suburb of Andheri 56 List of Photos Photo 3.1 Over-crowding of typical Mumbai Railway 47 Photo 4.1 Prolonged road constructions and maintenance 58 Photo 4.2 Prolonged road constructions and maintenance 58 Photo 4.3 Fenced and Narrow Medians on street in Andheri, Mumbai 59 Photo 4.4 Jay walking due to lack of pedestrian signals and road Markings 60 Photo 4.5 Hawkers on the pedestrian sidewalks 61 Photo 4.6 Sidewalks occupied by hawkers in Mumbai 61 Photo 4.7 Over-saturated flows at traffic signals 63 Photo 4.8 Traffic Jam during peak hour 64 Photo 4.9 Rush for the buses during peak hours 65 Photo 4.10 Rush at a railway station to board train 66 Photo 4.11 Heterogeneous Mix of Traffic in Mumbai 67 Photo 4.12 Heterogeneous Mix of Traffic in Mumbai 68 Photo 4.13 Heterogeneous Mix of Traffic in Mumbai 68 Photo 4.14 Cattle on Mumbai streets 69 Photo 4.15 Vehicle-Pedestrian Conflict outside Railway Station 69 Photo 4.16 Slums around railway tracks 71 Photo 4.17 Over-crowding of typical Mumbai Railway Station 73 xi List of Tables Page Table 3.1 Push Factors affecting Migration to Mumbai 41 Table 3.2 Pull Factors affecting Migration to Mumbai 42 Table 3.3 Number of vehicles in 2003 in Mumbai 48 Table 3.4 Air Quality Monitoring at Traffic Junction (2002-03) 52 Table 3.5 Ambient Air Quality Levels at fixed monitoring sites 53 Table 3.6 Emission Load of Mumbai City in tons/day for year 2002-03 from Transportation 53 Table 5.1 Percentage of respondents based on their profession 76 Table 5.2 Percentage of Trips in mornings and evenings to and from suburbs and city 77 Table 5.3 Percentage by number of trips, distance, and average AM and PM speeds for each mode of travel.