1. Names and dates in modern science So you wanted some names after all? Well, here are a few, with their best-known accomplishments, in chronological order. 154 !icolaus "opernicus #$ermany) proposes heliocentric theory of uni&erse #'ust before his death, so a&oiding the church(s #f%ire% c. 15)*-1+** ,ycho -rahe #.enmark) makes astronomical measurements which will be used by his assistant, Johannes 0epler. 1+*5 Johannes 0epler #$ermany) shows that planets mo&e around the Sun in elliptical orbits 1+*1 $alileo $alilei #2taly) obser&es moons of /upiter, studied law of motion 1++5 3obert 4ooke #5ngland% coins the term 6cell7 c. 1+)* 8ntonie 9hilips &an :eeuwenhoek #!etherlands) first obser&es microorganisms with his handcrafted microscope 1+<) 2saac !ewton #5ngland% publishes 9rincipia =athematica, containing his laws of motion and the law of uni&ersal gravitation 1) 5 "arl :innaeus #Sweden% publishes Systema naturae, founding the science of ta>onomy. 1)< John =itchell #5ngland% proposes the idea of 6dark stars7 from which light cannot escape? :aplace has same idea indepenantly. 1)<5 James 4utton #Scotland% proposes geological cycles 1)11 :uigi $al&ani #2taly) disco&ers bioelectricity 1)11 9ierre Simon :aplace #@rance% de&elops the nebular origin of the solar system 1<* #c.% John .alton #5ngland% publishes first &ersion of modern atomic theory, based on &arying masses and complexity of matter particles. 1<*< John .alton #5ngland% publishes atomic theory of matter. 1<A4 !icolas :Bonard Sadi "arnot #@rance% founds the science of thermodynamics with his studies on heat engines 1< 1 ,heodor Schwann #$ermany) states the cell theory, that all living things are composed of cells. 1<51 "harles .arwin #5ngland%% publishes 6Cn the origin of species7, proposing e&olution by natural selection 1<+1 James "lark =axwell #Scotland% publishes the eDuations of electromagnetism? later, shows that electric and magnetic fields tra&el through space as electromagnetic wa&es 1<+5 $regor =endel #=oravia, modern "Eech 3epublic) presents ;rst paper on rules of heredity. !atural uni&erse -- end material 1 A*1+-*1-A4 c, 1<1* Santiago 3amFn y "a'al #Spain% disco&ers de;niti&e evidence for neuron theory, that the brain 2s made up of discrete neurons, and explains their form and function. c. 1<1* :udwig -oltzmann #8ustria% shows statistical significance of entropy 1<1+ 4enri -ecquerel #@rance% disco&ers radioactivity 11*5 8lbert 5instein #$ermany) publishes papers on photoelectric eGect #which would gi&e rise to Duantum mechanics) and special relativity? in 1115, theory of gravity #general relativity% 111A 8lfred Wegener #$ermany) publishes theory of continental drift? it would be accepted only in the 11+*s as the theory of plate tectonics 1115 0arl Schwarzschild #$ermany) ;nds ;rst e>act solution to 5insteinHs field eDuations of gravity, predicting existence of black holes. 111< 5mmy !oether #$ermany) presents her theorem on the relation between symmetry and conser&ation laws. 11A4 Wolfgang 5rnst 9auli #8ustria% publishes the e>clusion principle, stating that no two electrons can occupy the same Duantum state? would become the basis of solid- state physics and transistors. 11A5 "ecilia 9ayne-$aposchkin #-ritish-born 8merican% relates spectral classes of stars to temperatures and shows that hydrogen is the principal element in them. 11A+ 5rwin SchrIdinger #8ustria% publishes the wa&e eDuation, the central eDuation of Duantum mechanics 11A) Werner 4eisenberg #$ermany) publishes the uncertainty principle of Duantum mechanics 11 ) 4ans 8doph 0rebs #$erman-born -ritish% identi;es the citric acid cycle, along with William 8rthur Johnson. 115 @rancis "rick #$reat -ritain% and /ames Watson #JS8% use 3osalind @ranklin(s >- ray diGraction photos to understand the structure of .!8 11+4 8rnold 9enEias and 3obert Wilson #JS8% disco&er cosmic background radiation 11)1 8lan $uth #JS8% de&elops idea of cosmic inKation Since those times, science has become bigger and more e>pensi&e, so single names do not stand out so much any more. @or instance, the disco&ery of the 4iggs boson at "53! in A*1A in&ol&ed thousands of people, far too many to include in this table L or on the list of !obel 9riEe winners #which is limited to three living people%M !atural uni&erse -- end material A A*1+-*1-A4 2. Cheat sheets 3ed lines are mass Figure 2.1: Geological time scale, by author. extinctions, past or to comeN !atural uni&erse -- end material A*1+-*1-A4 Figure 2.2: Timeline and grouping of principal fossil hominid species (by author) @igure A. O 9hylogenetic tree by =9@ P9ublic .omainQ, via Wikimedia "ommons1. 1 httpsORRcommons.wikimedia.org/wiki/@ile%3APhylogeneticTree.png !atural uni&erse -- end material 4 A*1+-*1-A4 @igure A.4O "lassification of modern humans and house casts, after WikipediaA @igure A.5O ,he periodic table of the elements, from Wikimedia "ommons A httpsORRcommons.wikimedia.org/wiki/@ile:Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.s&g httpsORRcommons.wikimedia.org/wiki/@ile:14LaAc_periodic_table_IIb.jpg !atural uni&erse -- end material 5 A*1+-*1-A4 @igure A.+O Standard model particle Eoo, from Wikimedia "ommons4 Figure 2. : !ominoid familes "ith dates, by auther. 4 httpsORRcommons.wikimedia.org/wiki/@ile:Standard_Model_of_Elementary_9articles.s&g !atural uni&erse -- end material + A*1+-*1-A4 Principle elements of the CNS, from caudal (tail or bottom) to rostral (top or front% spinal cord visualiEed in four regions L cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral L handles 2RC to and from the skin, 'oints and muscles of the limbs and trunk brain stem similarly handles sensory information from skin and muscles of the head and motor control to head muscles. 2t ser&es as information bridge between the brain and spinal cord, and regulates le&els of arousal and awareness through the reticular formation. • ,he medulla oblongata handles vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and heart rate. • ,he pons passes information about mo&ement from the cerebral hemispheres to the cerebellum. • ,he midbrain handles sensory and motor functions such as eye mo&ement and coordinates visual and auditory refle>es. cerebellum regulates mo&ement and motor skills, connected to the brain stem by ;ber tracts called peduncles. diencephalon in two parts. • ,he thalamus recei&es information destined for the cerebral cortex from the rest of the "!S. 2t is the dispatcher of the brain. • ,he hypothalamus regulates autonomic, endocrine and visceral functions. 2t is the brain(s gateway to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. cerebrum divided into two hemispheres, is composed of the outer cerebral cortex and deeper structuresO • ,he basal ganglia participate in the regulation of motor performance? • the hippocampus is essential to memory storage? • the amygdaloid nuclei #or amygdala% coordinate autonomic and endocrine responses of emotional states. !atural uni&erse -- end material ) A*1+-*1-A4 3. Bibliography 3.1. Basic modern physics #including Duantum theory and relati&ity) 8nanthaswamy, 8nil. Through t"o doors at once: The elegant experiment that captures the enigma of our $uantum reality. !ew UorkO .utton, A*1<. 0indle. 8tkins, 9eter, The la"s of thermodynamics: % &ery short introduction. CxfordO Cxford Jni&ersity 9ress, A*1*. 9rint. -lundell, Stephen J. and :ancaster, ,om. 'uantum field theory for the gifted amateur. CxfordO Cxford Jni&ersity 9ress, A*14. "allan, 4erbert -. Thermodynamics and an introduction to thermostatistics. !ew UorkO /ohn Wiley and Sons. 11<5, A**5. 9rint. "arroll, Sean =. Spacetime and Geometry: %n )ntroduction to General *elati&ity. 4arlowO 9earson, A*1 . 9rint. "ollier, 9eter. % +ost )ncomprehensible Thing: ,otes to"ards a -ery Gentle )ntroduction to the +athematics of *elati&ity. 4arlowO 2ncomprehensible, A*14. 9rint. @eynman, 3ichard 9. './, the srange theory of light and matter. :ondonO 9enguin -ooks, 11<5. @eynman, 3ichard 9. Si# .asy 0ieces: .ssentials of physics e#plained by its most brilliant teacher. "ambridge, =8O 9erseus -ooks, 1115. 9rint. @eynman, 3ichard 9hillips. Si# ,ot1so1easy 0ieces: .instein2s *elati&ity, Symmetry, and Space1time. :ondonO 9enguin, 1111. 9rint. $riVths, .avid. )ntroduction to elementary particles. Second, revised edition. WeinheimO Wiley-W"4, A**<. 9rint. $riVths, .avid J. and Schroeter, .arrell @. )ntroduction to $uantum mechanics, rd edition. "ambridgeO "ambridge Jni&ersity 9ress, A*1<. 9rint. 4artle, J. -. Gra&ity: %n )ntroduction to .instein2s General *elati&ity. 4arlowO 9earson 5ducation, A*14. 9rint. 4aEen, 3obert =. and ,refil, James. Science matters: %chie&ing scientific literacy. !ew UorkO 8nchor -ooks, A**1. 9rint. /ee&an'ee, !adir. %n introduction to tensors and group theory for physicists. And edition. 4eidelbergO Springer, A*15. 9rint. 0lauber, 3obert .. Student friendly $uantum field theory. @airfieldO Sandtro&e 9ress, A*1 . 9rint. 0rauss, :awrence =. The greatest story e&er told 3 so far. :ondonO Simon tand Schuster, A*1). 9rint. 0umar, =an''it. 'uantum: .instein, 4ohr and the great debate about the nature of reality. :ondonO 2con -ooks :td, A**1. 9rint. :ambert, @rank :. ,he entropy site. httpORRentropysite.o>y.eduR. :ancaster, ,om and -lundell, Stephen J. 'uantum field theory for the gifted amateur. CxfordO C>ford Jni&ersity 9ress, A*14. 9rint. !eGe, /Xrgen. .instein: % 4iography. !ew UorkO @arrar, Straus, and $irou>, A**). 9rint. 9eskin, =ichael 5. and Schroeder, .aniel W. %n introduction to $uantum field theory. Westview 9ress, 1115. 9rint. 3obinson, =atthew. Symmetry and the standard model. !ew UorkO Springer, A*11. 9rint. 3o&elli, "arlo. *eality is not "hat it seems: The journey to quantum gravity. London: Penguin, 2014. Print. 3o&elli, "arlo. Se&en brief lessons on physics. :ondonO 9enguin, A*15. 9rint. 3o&elli, "arlo. The order of time. :ondonO 9enguin, A*1<. 9rint. !atural uni&erse -- end material < A*1+-*1-A4 SchutE, -ernard @. % First 5ourse in General *elati&ity. "ambridgeO "ambridge J9, A*1+. 9rint. SchutE, -ernard. $ravity from the ground up. "ambridgeO "ambridge J9, A** . 9rint. Schwichtenberg, Jakob. ,o1nonsense $uantum field theory.