Quarks and Hadrons Quarks and Hadrons Mustafa Amin1 & Mustafa Ashry1;2 1Center for Fundamental Physics (CFP) at Zewail City of Science and Technology: 2Department of Mathematics; Faculty of Science; Cairo University: Mini-school on "experimental tools in particle physics" at CFP at Zewail City of Science and Technology Friday - 2015, March, 27 Mustafa Amin1 & Mustafa Ashry1;2 Quarks and Hadrons Quarks and Hadrons Outline 1 Quarks 2 General Properties of Hadrons 3 Pions and Nucleons 4 Short-Lived Hadrons 5 Allowed Quantum Numbers and Exotics 6 Questions, References & Thanks 2 / 43 Mustafa Amin1 & Mustafa Ashry1;2 Quarks and Hadrons Quarks and Hadrons Outline 1 Quarks 2 General Properties of Hadrons 3 Pions and Nucleons 4 Short-Lived Hadrons 5 Allowed Quantum Numbers and Exotics 6 Questions, References & Thanks 2 / 43 Mustafa Amin1 & Mustafa Ashry1;2 Quarks and Hadrons Quarks and Hadrons Outline 1 Quarks 2 General Properties of Hadrons 3 Pions and Nucleons 4 Short-Lived Hadrons 5 Allowed Quantum Numbers and Exotics 6 Questions, References & Thanks 2 / 43 Mustafa Amin1 & Mustafa Ashry1;2 Quarks and Hadrons Quarks and Hadrons Outline 1 Quarks 2 General Properties of Hadrons 3 Pions and Nucleons 4 Short-Lived Hadrons 5 Allowed Quantum Numbers and Exotics 6 Questions, References & Thanks 2 / 43 Mustafa Amin1 & Mustafa Ashry1;2 Quarks and Hadrons Quarks and Hadrons Outline 1 Quarks 2 General Properties of Hadrons 3 Pions and Nucleons 4 Short-Lived Hadrons 5 Allowed Quantum Numbers and Exotics 6 Questions, References & Thanks 2 / 43 Mustafa Amin1 & Mustafa Ashry1;2 Quarks and Hadrons Quarks and Hadrons Outline 1 Quarks 2 General Properties of Hadrons 3 Pions and Nucleons 4 Short-Lived Hadrons 5 Allowed Quantum Numbers and Exotics 6 Questions, References & Thanks 2 / 43 Mustafa Amin1 & Mustafa Ashry1;2 Quarks and Hadrons Quarks and Hadrons Quarks Outline 1 Quarks 2 General Properties of Hadrons 3 Pions and Nucleons 4 Short-Lived Hadrons 5 Allowed Quantum Numbers and Exotics 6 Questions, References & Thanks 3 / 43 Mustafa Amin1 & Mustafa Ashry1;2 Quarks and Hadrons Quarks and Hadrons Quarks Quarks Interactions Quarks are elementary fermions that interact via strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions. Quarks interact via strong interactions, as they have color charges. Gluons (eight) are the carriers of the strong force. Quarks interact via weak interactions, as they have weak isospin. The W ± and Z bosons are the carriers of the weak force. Quarks interact via electromagnetic interactions, as they have electric charges. Photons is the carrier of the electromagnetic force. 4 / 43 Mustafa Amin1 & Mustafa Ashry1;2 Quarks and Hadrons Quarks and Hadrons Quarks Quarks Interactions Quarks are elementary fermions that interact via strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions. Quarks interact via strong interactions, as they have color charges. Gluons (eight) are the carriers of the strong force. Quarks interact via weak interactions, as they have weak isospin. The W ± and Z bosons are the carriers of the weak force. Quarks interact via electromagnetic interactions, as they have electric charges. Photons is the carrier of the electromagnetic force. 4 / 43 Mustafa Amin1 & Mustafa Ashry1;2 Quarks and Hadrons Quarks and Hadrons Quarks Quarks Interactions Quarks are elementary fermions that interact via strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions. Quarks interact via strong interactions, as they have color charges. Gluons (eight) are the carriers of the strong force. Quarks interact via weak interactions, as they have weak isospin. The W ± and Z bosons are the carriers of the weak force. Quarks interact via electromagnetic interactions, as they have electric charges. Photons is the carrier of the electromagnetic force. 4 / 43 Mustafa Amin1 & Mustafa Ashry1;2 Quarks and Hadrons Quarks and Hadrons Quarks Quarks Interactions Quarks are elementary fermions that interact via strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions. Quarks interact via strong interactions, as they have color charges. Gluons (eight) are the carriers of the strong force. Quarks interact via weak interactions, as they have weak isospin. The W ± and Z bosons are the carriers of the weak force. Quarks interact via electromagnetic interactions, as they have electric charges. Photons is the carrier of the electromagnetic force. 4 / 43 Mustafa Amin1 & Mustafa Ashry1;2 Quarks and Hadrons Quarks and Hadrons Quarks There are six flavors of quarks. They are up (u), down (d), charm (c), strange (s), top (t) and bottom (b) quarks, and their antiquarks. Quarks are grouped in three generations (isospin doublets) according to their mass difference minima [1]. 5 / 43 Mustafa Amin1 & Mustafa Ashry1;2 Quarks and Hadrons Quarks and Hadrons Quarks There are six flavors of quarks. They are up (u), down (d), charm (c), strange (s), top (t) and bottom (b) quarks, and their antiquarks. Quarks are grouped in three generations (isospin doublets) according to their mass difference minima [1]. 5 / 43 Mustafa Amin1 & Mustafa Ashry1;2 Quarks and Hadrons Quarks and Hadrons Quarks There is no convincing evidence for the existence of isolated free quarks, or any other fractionally charged particles, despite great efforts to find them [1]. 6 / 43 Mustafa Amin1 & Mustafa Ashry1;2 Quarks and Hadrons Quarks and Hadrons General Properties of Hadrons Outline 1 Quarks 2 General Properties of Hadrons 3 Pions and Nucleons 4 Short-Lived Hadrons 5 Allowed Quantum Numbers and Exotics 6 Questions, References & Thanks 7 / 43 Mustafa Amin1 & Mustafa Ashry1;2 Quarks and Hadrons Quarks and Hadrons General Properties of Hadrons There are no isolated quarks. But more than two hundred of their bound states have been discovered. All these bound states are of integer electric charges. The reason for this is closely associated with a new degree of freedom that exists for quarks, but not for leptons, called colour. Quarks are triplets under the group of strong interactions and the color charge for each quark is red, green, or blue. For color conservation and being the electric charges of quark bound states are integers, there are only three types of quark bound states are allowed. 8 / 43 Mustafa Amin1 & Mustafa Ashry1;2 Quarks and Hadrons Quarks and Hadrons General Properties of Hadrons There are no isolated quarks. But more than two hundred of their bound states have been discovered. All these bound states are of integer electric charges. The reason for this is closely associated with a new degree of freedom that exists for quarks, but not for leptons, called colour. Quarks are triplets under the group of strong interactions and the color charge for each quark is red, green, or blue. For color conservation and being the electric charges of quark bound states are integers, there are only three types of quark bound states are allowed. 8 / 43 Mustafa Amin1 & Mustafa Ashry1;2 Quarks and Hadrons Quarks and Hadrons General Properties of Hadrons There are no isolated quarks. But more than two hundred of their bound states have been discovered. All these bound states are of integer electric charges. The reason for this is closely associated with a new degree of freedom that exists for quarks, but not for leptons, called colour. Quarks are triplets under the group of strong interactions and the color charge for each quark is red, green, or blue. For color conservation and being the electric charges of quark bound states are integers, there are only three types of quark bound states are allowed. 8 / 43 Mustafa Amin1 & Mustafa Ashry1;2 Quarks and Hadrons Quarks and Hadrons General Properties of Hadrons There are no isolated quarks. But more than two hundred of their bound states have been discovered. All these bound states are of integer electric charges. The reason for this is closely associated with a new degree of freedom that exists for quarks, but not for leptons, called colour. Quarks are triplets under the group of strong interactions and the color charge for each quark is red, green, or blue. For color conservation and being the electric charges of quark bound states are integers, there are only three types of quark bound states are allowed. 8 / 43 Mustafa Amin1 & Mustafa Ashry1;2 Quarks and Hadrons Quarks and Hadrons General Properties of Hadrons There are no isolated quarks. But more than two hundred of their bound states have been discovered. All these bound states are of integer electric charges. The reason for this is closely associated with a new degree of freedom that exists for quarks, but not for leptons, called colour. Quarks are triplets under the group of strong interactions and the color charge for each quark is red, green, or blue. For color conservation and being the electric charges of quark bound states are integers, there are only three types of quark bound states are allowed. 8 / 43 Mustafa Amin1 & Mustafa Ashry1;2 Quarks and Hadrons Quarks and Hadrons General Properties of Hadrons The bound states of quarks are called Hadrons. They are the baryons, the antibaryons and the mesons. The baryons have half-integer spin and are bound states of three quarks (qqq). The antibaryons are the antiparticles of baryons and they are bound states of three antiquarks (¯qq¯q¯). The mesons have integer spin and are bound states of a quark and an antiquark (qq¯). 9 / 43 Mustafa Amin1 & Mustafa Ashry1;2 Quarks and Hadrons Quarks and Hadrons General Properties of Hadrons The bound states of quarks are called Hadrons. They are the baryons, the antibaryons and the mesons. The baryons have half-integer spin and are bound states of three quarks (qqq). The antibaryons are the antiparticles of baryons and they are bound states of three antiquarks (¯qq¯q¯). The mesons have integer spin and are bound states of a quark and an antiquark (qq¯). 9 / 43 Mustafa Amin1 & Mustafa Ashry1;2 Quarks and Hadrons Quarks and Hadrons General Properties of Hadrons The bound states of quarks are called Hadrons.