CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF POWER THROUGH RITUAL: THE ORANGE ORDER AND ORANGE PARADES IN NORTHERN IRELAND by Jennifer Lynn Edwards Bachelor of Arts California State University, Stanislaus Turlock, California 1993 Master of Science California State University, Fresno Fresno, California 1999 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY July, 2004 CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF POWER THROUGH RITUAL: THE ORANGE ORDER AND ORANGE PARADES IN NORTHERN IRELAND Thesis Approved: Dr. J. David Knottnerus Thesis Advisor Dr. Jean Van Delinder Dr. Gary Webb Dr. Elizabeth Williams Dean of the Graduate College ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. J. David Knottnerus for his guidance and encouragement. Dr. Knottnerus not only acted as an advisor for my dissertation, but also as a mentor. I thank him for having confidence in me. Further, I would like to thank my committee members: Dr. Jean Van Delinder, Dr. Gary Webb, and Dr. Elizabeth Williams. Each one of my committee members offered encouragement and support and I am very grateful to them. In addition to my committee, I would like to thank my family for their emotional and financial support and my friends for keeping me sane throughout this process. First, I thank my parents, Niala Meadows and Michael Wolynetz. Without their support and many sacrifices, I would have never made it. My accomplishments are a reflection on them. I also thank my sister, Christine Keith for being there for me not only as a sister, but also my friend. She has always believed in me and I thank her for that. I thank my brother-in-law, Ray Keith, for his encouragement and friendship. I am glad to have him in my family. I thank my sisters-in-law, Cindy Edwards and Kathy Ostrander for making me feel a part of their family even before I was and for their support. I thank my step- mother, Florence Wolynetz for always offering words of encouragement. I also thank my longtime and friends for life, Claudia Hogue and Megan Heddlesten. They encouraged me to pursue my goals and have stood by me with their friendship. I love them like family. iii I thank my friend, Karen Altendorf-Cheville, for encouraging me to persevere when I wanted to leave. In addition, I thank her for her wonderful humor, the poetry sessions, and for our travels to Scotland and Brazil. She is a true and lifelong friend. I also thank Jackquice Smith-Mahdi for making me work when I was tired and for the midnight coffee excursions. She has given me a lifetime of memorable moments and she will always have my friendship. I would also like to thank Christina Myers. Not only is she a wonderful friend, but without her help this dissertation may have never been formatted, and therefore, never completed. There are numerous others who have supported me through this experience. Jaime Dick, Stan Hodges, and Regina Stephens have been wonderful friends and provided comic relief many, many times. Sue Berryman, Barbie Teel, Dahlia Malloy, and Kerry Morgan have been like a second family. They have been with me through my failures and successes and I truly thank them for their encouragement and help. Finally, I would like to thank my husband, Jim. He is my best friend, confidant, and voice of reason. He has motivated me when I was burned out, encouraged me when I was down, and celebrated with me when I achieved my goals. He has believed in me, supported me, and loved me through this process. Words cannot express what he means to me. I am proud to be his wife. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................1 The Orange Order .......................................................................................................................................2 History of Northern Ireland: An Overview .................................................................................................3 Twentieth Century Northern Ireland .......................................................................................................4 Statement of the Problem..........................................................................................................................13 Power ........................................................................................................................................................15 Theoretical Framework .............................................................................................................................16 Internal Organizational Structure ..............................................................................................................17 Summary...................................................................................................................................................18 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................19 Rituals/Parading: A General Discussion ...................................................................................................20 Rituals Relating to Power..........................................................................................................................22 The Orange Order .................................................................................................................................28 The Orange Parades ..............................................................................................................................32 A Need for Further Research ....................................................................................................................38 CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ..........................................................................................41 Theory of Structural Ritualization.............................................................................................................42 Strategic Ritualization...........................................................................................................................47 CHAPTER 4 METHODS .............................................................................................................................49 First Contact With the Orange Order ........................................................................................................50 Research Strategies ...................................................................................................................................51 Observations..........................................................................................................................................51 Interviews..............................................................................................................................................52 Historical Analysis................................................................................................................................56 Analysis of Data........................................................................................................................................57 Limitations ............................................................................................................................................59 Ethical Issues.........................................................................................................................................59 Reliability and Validity.........................................................................................................................60 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................61 CHAPTER 5 HISTORY OF THE ORANGE ORDER AND ORANGE PARADES ..................................64 The Battle of the Boyne ............................................................................................................................64 The Battle of the Diamond........................................................................................................................65 Protestantism.............................................................................................................................................65 The Formation of the Orange Order..........................................................................................................67 Early Orangeism ...................................................................................................................................69 Orange Parades .....................................................................................................................................70 Drumcree...............................................................................................................................................73 Police, Media, and Government................................................................................................................76 Police.....................................................................................................................................................76 Media ....................................................................................................................................................77 Government...........................................................................................................................................78