Energy, Agriculture, Finance, Culture & Faith on the Northern Great Plains SPRING/SUMMER 2017 • VOLUME 1.3 • UNIVERSITY OF MARY United States Military Academy (West Point) Cadet George Armstrong “Autie” Custer, circa 1859. In four years at West Point, Custer had one of the worst personal conduct records in West Point history and came close to expulsion on several occasions. He graduated last in his class in 1861. Custer distinguished himself in battle in the Civil War and was called “The Boy General” in the press because of his promotion to Brevet Brigadier General at 23 years of age. 360 REVIEW magazine covers energy, agriculture, finance, culture and faith on the Northern Great Plains. 360 Review presents in-depth inquiry, analysis and reflection on important issues, trends and events happening in and affecting this region. There is a special focus on North Dakota, where we are located. More stories about surrounding states will published in future issues. “Magazine” derives from makhazin, the Arabic word for “storehouse,” which also soon gained military application as a “store for arms.” The world’s first print magazines began publication in England in the 18th century and sought to provide a storehouse of information and intellectual armament. 360 Review joins that tradition with the Christian, Catholic and Benedictine tradition of the University of Mary, which exists to serve the religious, academic and cultural needs of people in this region and beyond. As a poet once wrote: “The universe is composed of stories, not atoms.” 360 Review strives to tell some of these stories well—on paper (made of atoms, we presume), which is retro-innovative in a world spinning into cyberspace. There is also a digital version, available at: www.umary.edu/360. Publisher: University of Mary Editor-in-Chief: Patrick J. McCloskey Art Director & Photographer: Jerry Anderson Contributing Editor: Karen Herzog Media Relations: Tom Ackerman Illustrators: Tom Marple, Eric Syvertson Research Assistant: Caleb Dusek Editorial Offices: 360 Review, University of Mary, 7500 University Drive, Bismarck, ND 58504 Signed articles express the views of their authors and are intended solely to inform and broaden public debate. They are not intended to aid or hinder legislation before legislative bodies at the municipal, state or federal level. ©360 Review at the University of Mary Printed in Canada 1 The University of Mary is a private, co-educational Catholic university that welcomes students of all faiths and backgrounds. The university has its origins in the St. Alexius College of Nursing, opened by Benedictine Sisters in 1915. In 1947, these Sisters established Annunciation Priory in Bismarck, a monastic community independent of the original motherhouse in St. Joseph, Minnesota. Meanwhile, the nursing college evolved into a two-year women’s junior college, and in 1959, the Sisters founded Mary College as a four-year, degree-granting institution. Full university status was achieved in 1986. The University of Mary has been accred- ited by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools since 1968, and continues under the sponsorship of the Benedictine Sisters of Annunciation Monastery. Since its beginning, the University of Mary has sought to respond to the needs of people in this region and beyond. Enrollment grew quickly from 69 students to more than 3,000 students today. The university offers 54 undergraduate majors, 14 master’s degree programs and three doctoral degrees. Classes are conducted at the main campus and other facilities in Bismarck; online; at satellite locations in Arizona, Montana, Kansas, Minnesota and North Dakota; and at campuses in Arequipa, Peru and Rome, Italy. The University of Mary educates the whole student for a full life, characterized by moral courage and leadership in chosen professions and service to the commu- nity. Every aspect of academic and social life is infused with the Benedictine values of community, hospitality, moderation, prayer, respect for persons and service. Already one of the most affordable, high-quality private universities in the nation, the University of Mary now offers “Year-Round Campus,” a unique college-career option that enables students to earn a bachelor’s degree in just 2.6 years and a master’s degree in four years. This greatly reduces costs and allows students to begin their careers much sooner. The University of Mary offers excep- tional educational value, as well as outstanding scholarship and financial aid opportunities. Within six months of graduation, 95 percent of graduates are working or pursuing additional education. Student athletes at the University of Mary participate in 17 varsity sports in NCAA Division II. Go Marauders! 2 360 REVIEW There are only two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as though everything is a miracle. Albert Einstein Table of Contents Hunting Illustrated . 4 [History] At the Heart of the World: Reflections on Mandan History & Culture . 6 [Energy] Shale Wars: Oil Prices & Saudi Arabia’s Big Bet . 16 [Religion & Society] North Dakota Mosque a Symbol of Muslims’ Long Ties in America . 24 [Politics & Technology] Democracy in the Time of Choleric . 30 [Politics] Pell Mell vs. Pall Mall: The Unpopular Origins of Populism . 36 [History & Art] Warriors’ Last Stand: Little Bighorn Survivors & the Miller Collection . 40 [Business] Leadership’s Future Tense: Organizational Culture, Growth & Succession . 52 [Numeracy] What Are the Odds That What Happens in Vegas Stays in Vegas? . 58 [Economic Diversity] Five Generations of Leadership & Innovation: Building a Dynamic, Employee-Owned Company in North Dakota . 62 [Art] Rust, Sky & Prairie: John Lopez Welding an Artistic Life on the Northern Great Plains . 72 [Society] Of Milk Cartons, Tadpoles & Stars: Parenting in the Age of Fear . 82 [Morality] It’s Not Wrong If It Feels Right, Right? . 92 [Religion] A Jewish Journalist’s View of Catholic Service . 94 [Commentary] Faith-Inspired Public Schools? . 102 [Higher Education] Where the Boys Are(n’t): Alarming Trends in Male College Outcomes . 108 [Geopolitics] Command & (Losing) Control: Nuclear Weapons & the Always-Never Dilemma . 114 [Movie Review] Western Film Roundup: Makes, Remakes, Flakes & High Stakes . 124 Contributors . 134 [Book Preview] Future War . 136 3 Hunting illustrated ECONOMIC IMPACT ECONOMIC IMPACT OF OF HUNTING & TARGET ARMS & AMMUNITION SHOOTING** INDUSTRIES* North Dakota: $228 million North Dakota: $127.5 million National: $110 billion Region: (ND, SD, MT, MN, WY): $3.6 billion *Direct and Indirect impacts including wages and benefits National: $51 billion **Total multiplier effect 4 360 REVIEW HUNTING FUNDS HUNTING CULTURE CONSERVATION IN NORTH DAKOTA • Hunting supports over 700,000 jobs • The first hunting licenses issued in the U.S. in the U.S. were in North Dakota and Michigan in 1895. • Hunting generates $12 billion each year in local, state and federal taxes, • 82,000 people hunt in which support wildlife agencies and North Dakota each year. conservation. • 796,000 days are spent hunting • Hunting generated more revenue in North Dakota each year. ($38.3 billion) than Google ($37.9 billion) or Goldman Sachs Group ($36.8 billion) • The average North Dakota hunter in 2011. spends nearly $1,800 a year. NATIONAL WILDLIFE CONSERVATION Rocky Mountain Elk Y A D O T THEN & NOW 1907 41,000 1,000,000 White Tailed Deer Population Wild Turkeys Y Y A A D D O O T 500,000 32,000,000 100,000 7,000,000 T Ducks / Waterfowl Population Pronghorn Antelope Y Y O A A G D D 50 A O O YEARS T FEW 44,000,000 12,000 1,100,000 T Data from the National Shooting Sports Foundation 5 History At the Heart of the World Reflections on Mandan History & Culture Joseph T. Stuart, PhD, Associate Professor of History, University of Mary s early as the 16th century, Mandan Indians lived in villages on both A sides of the confluence of the Heart and Missouri Rivers, near the present-day cities of Bismarck and Mandan, North Dakota. The Mandan referred to this area as “the heart of the world” because the Heart River (Natka Passahe or “river of the heart”) runs for 180 miles through the middle of their territory. Here, they believed, First Creator had made the world. Mandan villages, which are very near the geographic center of the North American continent, functioned as the hub of a vast trading network, extending west to the Pacific coast, south to the Gulf of Mexico and north into Canada. People from many other tribes traveled long distances to trade food, flint, furs, beads, shells and, after 1750, horses and guns. Encounters at the Heart of the World: A History The Mandan people and their culture are beautifully portrayed in of the Mandan People Elizabeth Fenn’s book, Encounters at the Heart of the World: A History (Hill and Wang, 2014) of the Mandan People, which won the 2015 Pulitzer Prize for Elizabeth Fenn history. This concept of the “heart of the world” emerges in Fenn’s book as an important interpretive key for understanding Mandan culture. Cultural Continuities Corn fields covered the Missouri River bottom just as today. Mandan women stored corn in cache pits holding up to 70,000 bushels for each village. Food surpluses attracted traders, just as Bismarck today draws shoppers from as far away as Canada. Commodities fluctuated in price, then as now. For example, a steep decline in the price of beaver pelts after 1825—when Londoners started wearing silk instead of felted hats—killed the Mandan fur trade. In response, the Mandan diversified their economy by exporting bison hides, which were used to make the belts that drove the machinery of the early Industrial Revolution. 6 360 REVIEW "Mih-Tutta-Hangkusch, a Mandan Village," 1833. Artist Karl Bodmer traveled North America with the German explorer Prince Maximilian as his official artist.