Project no: EIE/06/170/SI2.442662 RES2020 Monitoring and Evaluation of the RES directives implementation in EU27 and policy recommendations for 2020 Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy and Potential Deliverables D.2.2 and D.2.3 RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 2. AUSTRIA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6 3. BELGIUM------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 4. BULGARIA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34 5. CYPRUS-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42 6. CZECH REPUBLIC------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 52 7. GERMANY ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63 8. DENMARK ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 73 9. ESTONIA------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 83 10. SPAIN ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 92 11. FINLAND ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------112 12. FRANCE-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------120 13. GREECE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------129 14. HUNGARY ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------141 15. IRELAND ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------150 16. ITALY-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------161 17. LITHUANIA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------174 18. LUXEMBOURG----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------183 19. LATVIA---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------191 20. MALTA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------201 21. NETHERLANDS---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------208 22. NORWAY------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------216 23. POLAND-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------220 24. PORTUGAL---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------230 25. ROMANIA -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------242 26. SWEDEN------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------249 27. SLOVENIA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------258 28. SLOVAKIA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------268 29. UNITED KINGDOM-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------280 30. REFERENCES-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------291 2 RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential 1. INTRODUCTION 3 RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential The project RES2020 aims at analysing the present situation in the RES implementation, defining future options for policies and measures, calculating concrete targets for the RES contribution that can be achieved by the implementation of these options and finally examining the implications of the achievement of these targets to the European Economy.. A number of future options for policies and measures will be defined and they will be studied with the use of the TIMES energy systems analysis model, in order to analyze the quantitative effects on the RES development. The results will be combined to provide recommendations of optimal mix scenarios for policy measures, in order to ensure the achievement of the targets. In this context the present document is the analysis of the present situation, and an attempt to approach the technological potential of Renewable Energy Sources in the EU27. The renewable energy sector is changing rapidly, especially in the sector of policies and measures in the European countries. Therefore this document will be updated continuously during the project and a new version is expected to be published at the end of the project in the spring of 2009. The data are presented per country in the following pages. A small introduction is given for each country together with key figures on the existing situation. A description of policies and targets follows. Finally a critique on the progress towards the targets is presented and the set of support instruments that exist in the country. The Annexes present the potential data for electricity production and the data for bioenergy potentials that have been collected in the framework of RES2020 for each country. The electricity potential table presents the data that have been collected • Through EREC and its Members • Through a revision of previous EU funded projects and reports (GreenX, OPTRES) • Through the partners of the project The data have been discussed in the framework of the REWG of the EnR with the country experts. The table present an estimation of the technical potential that could be utilized as an upper bound by 2010, 2015, 2020 and 2030. As technical potential we are considering: • the future installed capacity of wind turbines without taking in mind financial issues at a "reasonable" wind speed as a possible upper limit in the development of the installed capacity over time. • the future installed capacity of hydro considering technical issues only and a possible upper limit in the development of the installed capacity over time. For some technologies potential may be unlimited (e.g. photovoltaics), so we are using upper bound limits within the relevant time frames. The data on bioenergy potentials and costs originate from the European IEE project REFUEL. In the REFUEL project three scenarios are considered. A reference scenario (‘baseline’) that describes ‘most likely’ developments under current policy settings. Baseline essentially reflects effects of ongoing trends in food consumption patterns on the one hand and technological progress in food production on the other hand, and it assumes a continuation of current self-reliance levels in Europe’s aggregate food and feed commodities. An extended description of the assumptions driving the Baseline scenario can be fined in (Refuel D6, IIASA). In the other two scenarios, the focus is more on difference in land area becoming available in the future for bio-fuel feedstock production (scenario ‘high’ and scenario ‘low’). Agricultural production intensity, depends on agricultural and environmental policies as well as technological progress, and may vary significantly in different scenarios. In first instance the potentials from the Baseline scenario will be used. Potentials of the high and low scenario can be used for the scenario analysis in workpackage4 of the RES2020 project. 4 RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential Land availability Competing land use requirements for Europe’s food and livestock sector as well as land use conversion from agriculture to other uses, in particular built-up and associated land areas, will determine future availability of land for energy crop production. Future food and feed area requirements are the result of developments in food demand combined with changes in production intensity and trade of agricultural products. (Refuel D6, IIASA) Moreover, areas of high nature conservation value are excluded from the potential biofuel crop area. Potentials When for a region the land available for energy production is known, the potential for each crop type can be determined. The total potential per region however, is much smaller than the sum of the potentials since there competition of available land. This one obviously wants to take into when taking up bio-energy crops in the energy system. When modeling potentials, one should adopt a constraint to avoid double use of land. Assuming the potentials of the crops are homogenously distributed over the region the following constraint should