International Journal of Scientific Research and Review ISSN NO: 2279-543X COMPARATIVE STUDY OF WQI-KERALA REGION Dr.Anoop C K Arathy Andrews1 Mareena Markose2 Assistant Professor, UG Scholar, UG Scholar, Department of civil engineering, Department of civil engineering, Department of civil engineering,. Viswajyothi College Of Viswajyothi College Of Viswajyothi College Of Engineering And Technology. Engineering And Technology. Engineering And Technology. Merin Mathew3 Riya Babu4 UG Scholar, UG Scholar, Department of civil engineering, Department of civil engineering, Viswajyothi College Of Viswajyothi College Of Engineering And Technology. Engineering And Technology. Abstract— The aim of the study is to calculate the Water Quality Index of two major rivers in Kerala, Periyar and II. STUDY AREA Bharathapuzha at six locations. Water quality index (WQI) Periyar is the longest river in Kerala with an approximate provides a single value that reflects overall water quality in length of 244 km. It originates from the Western Ghats and specified conditions depending on various water quality spreads over an area of 5,398 sqkm. It lies over a domain of parameters. This enhances communication with the public and increases public awareness of water quality conditions. This 9°15’30”N to 10°21’00”N latitude and 76°08’38”E to paper deals with the study on the influence of physio-chemical 77°24’32”E longitude. The major tributaries of Periyar are parameters like pH, conductance, dissolved oxygen, BOD, Muthirapuzha river, Mullayar river, Cheruthoni river, COD, hardness, TSS, sulphate, chloride, turbidity, nitrate and Perinjankutti river, and Edamala river. The study was total coliform on water quality and determines the quality of confined to a distance of 22 km. The sampling points were water for public consumption. The work was carried out at Muppathadam, Pathalam, and Kalady. during the year 2014-2018. The index was calculated using Weighted Arithmetic Mean Method and Canadian Council Bharatapuzha, the second longest river in Kerala with an of the Ministers of the Environment Water Quality overall length of 209km.It originates in the Anaimalai hills Index Method. It was observed from this study that the in the Western Ghats. Bharatapuzha basin is the largest with main cause of deterioration in water quality was due to the a watershed of 6,186 Km². The River spreads across the high anthropogenic activities, illegal discharge of sewage and Palakkad and Malappuram district. The main tributaries of industrial effluent, lack of proper sanitation, unprotected Bharatapuzha are Thuthapuzha, Gayathripuzha, river sites, and urban runoff. Keywords— Water Quality Index, Weighted Arithmetic Kalpathipuzha, Kannadipuzha. The river is located within Mean Method,Canadian Council of the Ministers of the the limits of latitude10° 36′ 0″ N to 10° 47′ 23.89″ N and Environment Water Quality Index Method,anthropogenic longitude 77° 7′ 0″ E to 75° 55′ 17.42″ E. The study was activities. limited over a range of 44 km. The station points opted for sampling were at Tirur, Kuttipuram, and Pattambi. I. INTRODUCTION Water is a prime source for survival of life. Its quality is of III. METHODOLOGY vital importance as it has wide application in the manufacture, construction, processing, cleaning, The most important factor in determining the WQI is the cooling...etc. The WQI is an analytical method for the selection of water quality parameters. Parameter datas of six assessment of the quality of water. The index for a particular locations were collected from years 2014-2018 during pre- source can be found from the laboratory test result values of monsoon(April, May)and post-monsoon(October, various water quality parameters. The methods employed November) from KSPCB.The sample datas were analyzed for calculating WQI were Canadian Council of Ministers of for 12 parameters such as pH, conductance, dissolved the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) and oxygen, BOD, COD, hardness, TSS, sulphate, chloride, Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index. The study was turbidity, nitrate and total coliform. In this study, the WQI done for the 2 major rivers of Kerala, Periyar, and was calculated using the Weighted Arithmetic Mean Bharathapuzha for a geographical area of about 20 and 40 Method (WAMM) and Canadian Council of the Ministers of km radius. The data for the past 5 years were collected for the Environment Water Quality Index Method (CCME about 12 parameters. The data was again segregated as pre WQI). and post-monsoon. Volume 8, Issue 6, 2019 Page No: 335 International Journal of Scientific Research and Review ISSN NO: 2279-543X Weighted Arithmetic Mean Method Canadian Council of the Ministers of the Environment Weighted Mean is an average computed by giving different Water Quality Index Method weights to some of the individual values. If all the weights The Canadian Water Quality Index (CWQI) is a tool for are equal, then the weighted mean is the same as the communicating information to the general public and arithmetic mean. It represents the average of a given data. governments about water quality and assessing changes in Formula water quality over time .It provides an overall measure of It classifies the water quality according to the degree of purity by the suitability of water bodies to support aquatic life at using the most commonly measured water quality variables. The selected monitoring sites. The indicator is based on calculation of WQI was made by using the following equation: applications of the Water Quality Index (WQI). The index yields a number between 0 and 100. A higher number WQI=(Q1w1+Q2w2+…Qnwn)/(w1+w2…wn) indicates better water quality. The quality rating scale (Qi) for each parameter is calculated by using this expression: TABLE 2: RATING OF WATER QUALITY FOR VARIOUS WQI Qi= 100[(Vi-V0/Si-V0)] Vi is estimated concentration of parameter in the analyzed WQI Value Rating of Water Quality water V0 = 0 (except pH =7.0 and Dissolved Oxygen = 14.6 mg/l) 95-100 Excellent Si is recommended standard value of parameter 80-94 Good The unit weight (Wi) for each water quality parameter is calculated by using thefollowing formula: 60-79 Fair Wi=K/Si 45-59 Marginal Where K= proportionality constant and can also be calculated by using thefollowing equation: 0-44 Poor K=1/[(1/S1)+(1/S2)+…..(1/Sn)] TABLE 1:RATING OF WATER QUALITY FOR WQI = WQI = VARIOUS WQI Three factors are combined to calculate the CWQI, F1 Water Quality Water Quality Status (Scope), F2 (Frequency) and F3 (Amplitude): Index Level Scope (F1) :number of variables not meeting water quality objectives 0 -25 Excellent Water Quality Frequency (F2):the number of times the objectives are not met 26-50 Good Water Quality Amplitude (F3): the extent to which the objectives are exceeded. 51-75 Poor Water Quality After plotting graph and rating water quality for WQI 76-100 Very Poor Water Quality for the past 5 years during the months of April,May,October and November, a comparative study >100 Unsuitable for drinking was carried out between the two methods i.e. Weighted Arithmetic Mean Method and Canadian Council of the Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index Method. Volume 8, Issue 6, 2019 Page No: 336 International Journal of Scientific Research and Review ISSN NO: 2279-543X TABLE 3: CALCULATION OF WQI USING CCME DO pH COND BOD NITRATE TC TUR CHLO COD HARD SULPH TSS APRIL 6.2 6.6 65 2.2 0.02 430 0.4 8 8 12 1.5 10 MAY 5 6.7 38 0.8 0.22 1400 0.6 6 8 10 0 10 OCT 5.9 6.5 40 1.2 0.4 2700 0.7 4 10 13 1.7 20 NOV 6 6.8 78 1.4 0.74 5400 0.3 6 8 17 1.9 20 STAND. VALUES 5 6.5 300 5 45 200 5 250 250 300 200 500 F1 8.3 F2 8.3 EXC 1.15,6,12.5,26 0.9 nse 5 F3 48.745 WQI 71.0 For Periyar, according to Canadian method in the year 2014 For Bharathapuzha,according to Canadian method in the the WQI was 84.5 which give a good water quality whereas year 2014 the WQI was 68.5 which gives a medium water in the 2015 WQI was 91 which is excellent water quality. quality whereas in the 2015 WQI was 86 which is good But in the year 2016 water quality decreases giving Medium water quality. In the year 2016 water quality remains good WQI as 66.5 .In the year 2017 it maintains Medium water giving WQI as 71 .In the year 2017 water quality decreases quality with WQI as 57 and in the year 2018 water quality giving medium WQI as 63 and in the year 2018 it maintains reaches good with WQI as 71.5. Medium water quality with WQI as 68. YEAR 2018 YEAR 2018 75 100 70 50 WQI WQI 65 0 sample-1 sample-2 sample-3 sample 1 sample2 sample3 SAMPLE SAMPLE Figure 1: CCME graph for Periyar River Figure 2: CCME graph for Bharathapuzha River Volume 8, Issue 6, 2019 Page No: 337 International Journal of Scientific Research and Review ISSN NO: 2279-543X TABLE 4: CALCULATION OF WQI USING WAMM STAND. IDEAL S NO: OBS. VALU VALU 2333 VALU(Vn) (Sn) (Vid) K Wn qn qnWn WQI DO 6.2 5 14.6 2066.5 413.3 87.5 36163.75 pH 6.6 6.5 7 2066.5 317.92 80 25433.6 COND. 65 300 0 2066.5 6.88 21.66 149.0208 BOD 2.2 5 0 2066.5 413.3 44 18185.2 NITRATE 0.02 45 0 2066.5 45.92 0.044 2.02048 TC 430 200 0 2066.5 10.33 215 2220.95 TUR.