• ,,_,1,,¢ _ For further information regarding this report, contact Dr. Gabriel R. Wallace, Director of the Research and Technology Office, Mail Stop ER01, Marshall Space Flight Center, AL 35812. The telephone number is 205-544-4359. #A_n _>l- _o,>toqo Research and Technology 1993 Annual Report of the Marshall Space Flight Center (NASA-TM-I08420) RESEARCH AND N95-10021 TECHNOLSGY, 1993. SALUTE TO SKYLA_ AND SPACELAB: TWO DECADES OF _ISCOVERY Annuul Report (NASA. Unclas Marshall Space Flight Center) 230 p HI/99 0013724 NASA TM-108420 National Aeronautics and Space Administration George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama 35812 Introduction "...both leadership in technolog4F and science and partnerships with other countries, those are the keys to our fitture as a peopl¢; to our standard of living, to our qualitv of life, as well as to our ability to continue the American tradition of exploring frontiers." President Clinton June 22, 1993 Twenty years ago, the challenge of putting a scientific laboratory into space led to the first Space Station--Skylab. Ten years ago, the first reusable .space-based scientific laboratory--Spacelab-- was launched aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia. On the anniversaries of these two highly successful missions, we are reminded of the numerous benefits that come from meeting such challenges. Both Skvlab and Spacelab propelled the development of new technologies to over- come the limitations imposed by gravity and by space travel. In addition to spurring new innovations, our unique view from space has given us insights into the workings of our own planet--and our place in the cosmos--that otherwise would not have been possible. The Spacelab program continues to provide a workshop for new scientific investigation and information. From its inception, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration has invested in technological developments that have led to improvements in life on Earth, in fields ranging from aviation and agriculture, to communications and computers, to medicine. Some recent technology transfer projects, as well as possible opportunities to work with MSFC resources, are highlighted in this book. Research and TechnoloRy 1993: Annual Report of the Marshall Space Plight Center features articles by some of the scientists and engineers who help make programs such as Ski,lab and Spacelab come alive. The diverse work that has been accom- plished over the past year continues the Center's tradition of technological innovation and scientific discovery and prepares us for whatever challenges the future may hold. ..z T.J. Lee Director Acknowledgments The point of contact and coordinator at MSFC for this report is H.C. Stinson (ER41/205-544-7239). She was assisted by an editorial committee consisting of G.F. McDonough, C.R. Chappell, S.H. Morgan, W.C. Snoddy, and G.R. Wallace. Detailed editorial support and production assistance was provided by MSI, a Division of The Bionetics Corporation. The research and technology work at MSFC is a cooperative effort, however, due to space restrictions, it is impossible to list all those involved in the projects described in this report. To assist the reader, the MSFC contact, office code, and telephone number are included at the beginning of each article. The sponsoring organization and university and commercial involvement are given at the end of each article. Please note that some sponsoring organizations have implemented name changes. An abbreviations and acronyms list, an alphabetical index of contacts, and an index of key words are presented at the end of this report. Table of Contents Salute to Skylab and Spacelab Two Decades of Discovery Michael D. Wright ix Advanced Studies Introduction James M. McMillion Space Science Astrophysics--Lunar Ultraviolet Telescope Experiment Max E. Nein 2 Robert O. McBrayer Inner Magnetosphere Imager Mission C. Les Johnson 3 Carmine E. DeSanctis Solar Ultraviolet Radiation and Correlative Emissions Joseph R. Dabbs 5 Carmine E. DeSanctis Space Systems Geostationary Earth Observatory Program Vernon W. Keller 6 Space Laser Energy Edward E. Montgomery 7 Space Station Advanced Programs John M. Butler, Jr. 9 Tether Applications in Space Charles C. Rupp 10 John M. Butler, Jr. A Long Duration Exposure Facility Follow-On Spacecraft Concept Vernon w. Keller 10 Small Expendable Deployer System James K. Harrison 12 Commercial Use of Space Protein Crystal Analysis Equipment Kaye Inman 13 Kenneth R. Taylor Transportation Systems Access to Space: Advanced Technology Vehicle (Option 3) Focused Technology/ Advanced Development Plan Gene Austin 14 Research Programs Introduction Gregory S. Wilson 17 Earth System Science Numerical Modeling of Nonlinear Baroclinic Fluid Systems Timothy L. Miller 18 Diagnostics of the Global Hydrologic Cycle Franklin R. Robertson 19 Mesoscale Modeling Related to the Hydrologic Cycle William M. Lapenta 20 Lightning Radiative Transfer Inversion Studies William J. Koshak 21 Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Optical Linescan System Data System Global Survey of Lightning Steven J. Goodman 22 Global Aerosol Backscatter Experiments Maurice A. Jarzembski 24 Global Atmospheric Modeling Daniel E. Fitzjarrald 26 Spatial/Temporal Variability of Wind Fields for Design of Remote Sensors Michael Susko 27 Earth Observing System Pathfinder Passive Microwave Data Set Production H. Michael Goodman 30 III Four-Dimensional Interactive Analysis Capability Paul J. Meyer 31 Evaluation of Thermosphere Density Models Ronnie J. Suggs 32 Global Climate Monitoring from Satellites Roy W. Spencer 34 Geophysical Fluid Flow Cell Experiment Fred W. Leslie 34 The Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer Robbie E. Hood 36 Multispectral Atmospheric Mapping Sensor Mark W. James 37 Multicenter Airborne Coherent Atmospheric Wind Sensor Jeffry Rothermel 38 Space Shuttle Lightning Research Otha H. Vaughan, Jr. 39 Aircraft Investigations of Lightning and Thunderstorms Richard J. Blakeslee 40 Lightning Imaging Sensor Hugh J. Christian 41 Sensor Devek)pment: Lightning Imaging Sensor Calibration Mark W. James 42 Advanced Technologies for Geostationary Orbit Remote Sensing Ronald J. Koczor 43 Space Physics The Mechanisms of Solar Variability--A Study of the Origins of the Variability of the Solar Output John M. Davis 44 Solar Magnetic Fields Gilmer A. Gary 45 Corona and Solar Wind Ronald L. Moore 47 Long-Term Solar Activity Predictions David H. Hathaway 48 The Effect of Solar Wind Changes on the Heliospheric Termination Shock Steven T. Suess 50 Understanding the Quiet Solar Transition Region--The Source of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation James F. Dowdy, Jr. 53 Substorm-Generated Impulsive Plasma Flows Thomas E. Moore 55 Mass Spectrometer Resolution Enhancement Using an Electrostatic Lens Thomas E. Moore 57 Application of Focusing Electrostatic Mirrors to a Spaceborne Ion Mass Spectrometer Craig J. Pollock 59 The Ionosphere as an Alpha Particle Source Barbara L. Giles 62 Thomas E. Moore Two-Dimensional Motion of Oxygen Ions in Earth's High-Latitude Ionosphere Michael O. Chandler 63 Thomas E. Moore A Cleft Ion Fountain Model Dennis L. Gallagher 65 Minor Ion Contributions to the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere Paul D. Craven 67 The Tethered Satellite System-1 Research on Orbital Plasma Electrodynamics Investigation Nobie H. Stone 68 Application of Automated Data Acquisition to the Low-Energy Ion Facility Victoria N. Coffey 71 Enhanced Capabilities of an Electrostatic Deflection and Collimation System Nelson G. Martinez 73 Infrared Spectroscopy of the Earth's Upper Atmosphere and Planetary Atmospheres Mian M. Abbas 75 Imaging the Auroral Oval at Vacuum Ultraviolet Wavelengths Jerry K. Owens 76 Spectroscopy of the Mesosphere and Thermosphere From the Space Shuttle Jerry K. Owens 77 Astrophysics Burst and Transient Source Experiment Observations of Gamma-Ray Bursts Gerald J. Fishman 79 X-Ray Astronomy Research Brian D. Ramsey 80 Martin C. Weisskopf The Observation of Direct Electron-Positron Pairs by Relativistic Heavy Ions in Nuclear Emulsion James H. Derrickson 81 iv Cosmic Ray Proton Spectrum Changes at 4x101_ Electronvolts Thomas A. Parnell 83 Discovery of X-Ray Nova Persei 1992 (GRO J0422+32) With the Burst and Transient Source Experiment I3. Alan Harmon 84 Infrared Space Astronomy and Space Research Charles M. Telesco 86 Microgravity Science and Applications Electromagnetic Field Effects in Semiconductor Crystal Growth Martin P. Volz 88 Real-Time X-Ray Microscopy of Solidification Processes Peter A. Curreri 88 The Effects of Temperature on Tetragonal Lysozyme Face Growth Rates Marc L. Pusey 89 Kinetics of Diffusional Droplet Growth in a Liquid/Liquid Two-Phase System Barbara R. Facemire 90 Separation of Large DNA Molecules in Free Fluids Percy H. Rhodes 92 Highly Rarefied Solids in Microgravity: Toward the Limits for a Solid With Zero Volume and Infinite Surface Area David A. Noever 93 Technology Programs Introduction Gabriel R. Wallace 95 Avionics Mass Data Storage Unit Scott L. Bridge 96 Modular Software for Engine Control Charles L. Cozelos 96 Monitoring and Diagnosing the Environmental Control and Life Support System Amy N. Cardno 97 Brandon S. I)ewberry Solid-State Coherent Doppler Lidar Michael J. Kavaya 98 Space Station Module Power Management and Distribution Automated Subsystem Bryan K. Walls 100 Norma Dugal-Whitehead Materials and Manufacturing Processes Hybrid Capacitive-Inductive Microsensor Arrays for Evaluating the Integrity of Thermal Barrier Coatings Samuel S. Russell 101 Shakeel S. Razvi Formability