Student Athlete Era HOME RULE 1896-1964 “HOME RULE” IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS MEANT THAT EACH INSTITUTION WAS IN CHARGE OF MONITORING AND SUPERVISING RECRUITMENT, ELEGIBILITY, ACADEMICS AND AMATEUR STATUS OF THEIR PLAYERS. IN THE 1950s A SERIES OF SCANDALS IN BIG TIME COLLEGE SPORTS CREATED THE NEED TO ESTABLISH A DIFFERENT WAY OF REGULATING COLLEGE ATHLETICS. STUDENT ATHLETE-ERA • COLLEGE SPORTS 1950s CRISIS • STUDENT ATHLETE LEGISLATION, 1950s • CITY COLLEGE –NY BASKETBALL SCANDAL • WEST POINT ACADEMY SCANDAL • SPARTAN FOUNDATION • BIG TIME COLLEGE SPORTS • NCAA NEW STANDARDS. NCAA • 1946 “CONFERENCE OF CONFERENCES” IN CHICAGO TO DEAL WITH VIOLATIONS OF THE AMATEUR STATUS AND PRINCIPLES. • 1948 ADOPTION OF THE “SANITY CODE” WITH REGULATIONS FOR FINANCIAL AID, RECRUITMENT, ACADEMIC STANDARDS AND INSTITUTIONAL CONTROL. • INSTITUTIONAL VIOLATORS SHALL BE EXPELLED • 1950 SEVEN INSTITUTIONS FOUND IN VIOLATION, BUT NONE WAS EXPELLED. FINAL VOTE: 111-93. • REGULATION: TWO THIRDS OF VOTES REQUIRED TO EXPEL A MEMBER. • 1952 PROBATION FORMAT • 1952 SEC SUSPENDS KENTUCKY SEASON • 1952 NCAA ONE YEAR PENALTY FOR KENTUCKY ENTIRE ATHLETIC PROGRAM • 1954 INFRACTIONS COMMITTEE CREATED. • 1954 NATIONAL CERTIFICATION PLAN. • 1956 SHOW-CAUSE FORMAT: MEMBERS’ RIGHT TO PRESENT, APPEAL, DISPUTE, SUSPENSION AND/OR TERMINATION PENALTIES. • 1964 COMMITTEE ON INFRACTIONS, ENFORCEMENT, HEARING, PENALTIES. COLLEGE SPORTS CRISIS • SHAVING POINTS SCANDAL • 1950 NY CITY COLLEGE WON NIT AND NCAA NATIONAL TOURNAMENTS. • 1951 FRANK HOGAN, NY DISTRICT ATTORNEY MAJOR INDICTMENT 32 PLAYERS FOR SHAVING POINTS IN EXCHANGE OF MONEY. • PLAYERS FROM MANHATTAN COLLEGE, LONG ISLAND UNIVERSITY, NEW YORK UNIVERSITY AND CITY COLLEGE. POINT-SHAVING 1950 • JAN. 1952 HOGAN ARRESTED 2 PLAYERS AND THREE BOOKMAKERS ON BRIBERY AND CONSPIRACY. • THE PLAYERS, JACK BYRNES AND BENJAMIN POPPE HAD MADE ARRANGEMENTS SINCE THE 1949-50 SEASON, GETTING $50 PER WEEK AND $3000 TO THROW MANHATTAN GAMES BY THE POINT MARGIN. POINT-SHAVING 1950 • FEB. 1951 CCNY PLAYERS ED WARNER, ED ROMAN AND AL ROTH WERE ARRESTED IN PENN STATION IN THEIR RETURN FROM PLAYING TEMPLE IN PHILY. • HOGAN INDICTMENT INCLUDED SEVEN COLLEGES AND 86 GAMES BETWEEN 1947 AND 1950. • SHERMAN WHITE, LEROY SMITH AND ADOLPH BIGOS, FROM LONG ISLAND UNIVERSITY WERE ALSO ARRESTED. POINT-SHAVING 1950 • SHERMAN WHITE (27.7 POINTS PER GAME AVERAGE) ONE OF THE BEST COLLEGE PLAYERS EVER. • LIU-CINCINNATTI GAME CANCELLED. • FEB. 18 1951 NEW YORK TIMES BROKE THE STORY (PULITZER PRIZE MEYER BERGER) • BILL SPIVEY, KENTUCKY STAR, ALSO INVOLVED BUT NEVER FORMALLY CHARGED. POINT-SHAVING 1951 • MOST PLAYERS GOT SUSPENDED SENTENCES, DROPPED CHARGES OR WERE ACQUITTED. • MOST GAMBLERS & FIXERS GOT STATE PRISON SENTENCES. • NEW YORK CITY STOPPED BEING THE CENTER OF COLLEGE BASKETBALL • NATIONAL INVITATIONAL TOURNAMENT, PUBLIC DISGRACE. • CCNY OFFICIALLY BANNED FROM PLAYING AT THE MADISON SQUARE GARDEN • KENTUCKY FORCED TO CANCEL 1952-53 SEASON WEST POINT CHEATING SCANDAL • APR. 1951 PAUL HARKINS, CADETS COMMANDANT AT WEST POINT ACADEMY, UNCOVERED A “CHEATING RING” INVOLVING MANY FOOTBALL PLAYERS. • HARKINS LED A FORMAL INQUIRY, CENTERED ON THE NATIONALLY RANKED ARMY FOOTBALL TEAM. • BASED THE ARMY CADET HONOR CODE A CADET WILL NOT LIE, CHEAT, STEAL OR TOLERATE THOSE WHO DO… HARKINS FOUND NINETY CADETS AT FAULT. WEST POINT CHEATING SCANDAL • HARKINS FACED OPPOSITION FROM ARMY’S COACH, EARL “RED” BLAIK, WHOSE SON PLAYED IN THE FOOTBALL TEAM. • HARKINS DISMISSED ALL OF THEM. • ARMY HEGEMONY IN FOOTBALL ENDED. • MEDIA CARNIVAL ON THE CONTROVERSY. • WIDE REPERCUSSIONS NATIONWIDE ON THE “STUDENT” STATUS OF COLLEGE ATHLETES. SPARTAN FOUNDATION • 1949-1952 ORGANIZATIONS CALLED SPARTAN FOUNDATION AND CENTURY CLUB. • COLLECTED AT LEAST $55,000 “FOR THE PURPOSE OF ASSISTING TALENTED AND YOUNG PERSONS TO ATTEND MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY” • ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY, ALSO HAVING A SIMILAR FOUNDATION “SUN ANGEL” COLLECTING $79,000 IN THE SAME TIME PERIOD SPARTAN FOUNDATION • BIG TEN DISCIPLINARY ACTION: PROBATION FOR MICHIGAN STATE. • NCAA DISCIPLINARY ACTION: WARNING. • RESEARCH BY JOURNALISM UNCOVERED SIMILAR PRACTICES ACROSS THE BIG TEN AND OTHER COLLEGES. • RECRUITMENT OFFERS: NO ATTENDANCE TO CLASSES, TUITION, BOOKS & SCHOLARSHIP SPARTAN FOUNDATION • RECRUITMENT, ACADEMICS AND AMATEUR STATUS, NOW UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF BOOSTER NETWORKS. • “SLUSH FUND” TO MAKE PAYMENTS TO ATHLETES ON REGULAR BASES TO ENROLL & PLAY. • TEN MSU PLAYERS RECEIVED CASH PAYMENTS. SPARTAN FOUNDATION • 1951 FOOTBALL TEAM, PERFECT RECORD, FINISHED SECOND TO TENNESSEE IN THE NATIONAL POLLS. CRUSHED MICHIGAN, OHIO STATE AND NOTRE DAME (35-0, 24-20, 35-0) • 1951 FOUR ALL-AMERICAN, LED BY DON COLEMAN. • 1952 UNDEFEATED SEASON AGAIN, NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIP. • BIGGIE MUNN “PLATOON FOOTBALL” • DON McAULIFFE , FRANK KUSH AND DICK TAMBURO, ALL-AMERICAN TEAM. MUNN, COACH OF THE YEAR. SPARTAN FOUNDATION • 1953 SEASON, FIRST BIG TEN MEMBER. • MSU TIED WITH ILLINOIS, 8-1 BIG TEN CO- CHAMPION. ROSE BOWL AGAINST UCLA, 28-20 VICTORY. • THREE PLAYERS ALL-AMERICAN. • MSU ATHLETIC PROGRAM, BIG TEN & NATIONAL POWERHOUSE. STUDENT ATHLETE-ERA • 1954-56 ATHLETIC SCHOLARSHIPS ALLOWED. • “FULL TIME STUDENTS AND FULL TIME ATHLETES” • NEW POLICY AGAINST ALUMNI & BOOSTER NETWORKS’ EXCESSIVE INFLUENCE. • NEW POLICY AGAINST GAMBLING IN COLLEGE SPORTS. • “DEATH PENALTY” LEGISLATION STUDENT-ATHLETE ERA • COMPLETE REORGANIZATION OF NCAA SUPERVISION AND CONTROL OF RECRUITMENT, ELEGIBILITY, AMATEUR STATUS AND ACADEMIC LIFE OF STUDENT-ATHLETES. • INCREASE MEDIA INTEREST IN “SCHOOL SCANDALS” AND SCRUTINY OF NCAA RULES & POLICIES. • TRANSFORMATION ON THE SOCIAL ROLE AND VISIBILITY OF BOOSTER ORGANIZATIONS IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS. .