www.schenkbuchverlag.de Ádám Rixer CIVIL SOCIETY IN HUNGARY A Legal Perspective SCHENK VERLAG PASSAU Expert reviewer Csáki-Hatalovics Gyula Balázs (dr. iur., Ph.D.) Linguisctic proofreading Oláh László The manuscript of this volume was closed at 1 September 2014 Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliographie; detaillierte bibliographische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar. ISBN 978-3-944850-44-3 © Schenk Verlag GmbH, Passau, 2015 All rights reserved Table of Contents List of Abbreviations 9 Preface 11 PART I – InTRODUCTION 13 1. Possible ways of capturing the problems in connection with the civil/nonprofit sphere in Hungary. The issue of the method. 15 1.1. The significance of jurisprudential approaches 15 1.2. Dangers of reviews strictly based on legal instruments 16 1.3. Beyond law and legal sciences 17 1.4. Beyond multi- and interdisciplinarity: the new aspects of social studies 19 2. The main objects of the present work, aims and antecedents 20 2.1. Introduction 20 2.2. The scientific antecedents of the present work 21 2.3. The main characteristic of the researches done on the development of the civil society 24 2.3.1. The effect of the civil/nonprofit sciences on the itemized regulations and the practice of governmental bodies 25 3. General characteristics of civil/non-profit law 26 3.1. Types of regulations on civil/non-profit sector 26 3.2. The role of law in the civil/non-profit social subsystem 27 3.2.1. The possible direction of legislation 28 3.2.2. The main features of the regulation of civil society/non-profit sector 28 3.3. Conclusion 33 PART II – GENERAL AND LEGAL MEANING OF CIVIL SOCIETY in HunGary from THe beGinninG Till 1989 35 1. Introduction 37 2. Relationship of the civil society and the Church 37 3. Civil society and its deadlock 38 4. Civil renewal in Hungary. expeditious organisations of the enlightenment and the Reform Era 39 5. Charity and voluntary organisations from the start of absolutism till the end of World War II 42 6. associations and social organisations after World War ii and in the era of state socialism 45 6.1. The notion of civil society in the Kádár-regime 48 7. Summary, i.e the main historical features of the history of civil (voluntary) organisations in Hungary 50 6 TABLE OF CONTENts ParT iii – leGal and General ConTenT of THe Civil soCieTy beTWeen 1989 and 2010 in HunGary 55 1. The 1989 transition and the main characteristics of the subsequent period 57 1.1. Features of Hungarian public and legal politics 58 1.1.1. Multi-level Governance 61 2. The content of the main concepts after 1989: civil or nonprofit? 62 2.1. From civil society to nonprofit organisations. Defining the concepts 62 2.1.1. General points of departure 62 2.1.2. The concept of civil society in Central and Eastern Europe and in Hungary 64 2.1.3. The concept of civil society in Europe and the impact of the EU on the transformation of the concept of civil society 67 2.2. The concept of nonprofit 70 2.3. The concept of civil/nonprofit 74 3. Characteristics of the civil society in Hungary after 1989, in particular its relationship with the state 74 3.1. The most important weaknesses of the Hungarian civil/nonprofit sector 76 3.2. The attitude of the Hungarian civil society towards the state and the public tasks after ‘89 88 4. The main data of the history and development of civil society/nonprofit sector in the period between 1990 and 2010 91 4.1. Introduction 91 4.2. The main stages of the development of the civil society/nonprofit sector between 1989 and 2010 in Hungary – in the light of the legislation 91 4.3. Size and composition of the nonprofit sector between 1990 and 2010 98 4.4. Functions of nonprofit organisations 100 5. The financing of civil/non-profit sector in Hungary between 1990 and 2010 100 5.1. The basic types of financing The forms of civil/nonprofit incomes and funds in the 2000s 101 5.2. A new institution: The National Civil Fund Program 105 ParT iv – THe TransformaTion of THe HunGarian leGal SYSTEM AFTER 2010 107 1. Features of the legal system and of the system of social norms in Hungary in the past few years 109 1.1. Giving up the concept of continuous growth and development 111 1.2. Strengthening of the natural law approach 112 2. new contents of norms created and maintained by the state 115 ParT v – neW Trends in THe HunGarian Civil SOCIETY/NON-PROFIT SECTOR AFTER 2010 123 1. introduction 125 2. Directions of changes, new trends, tendencies and legal responses given to these 125 3. informational civil society in Hungary 126 TABLE OF CONTENts 7 4. New civil and ‘borderline’ types of organizations (civil companies, alliances, community foundations, social enterprises, etc.). 133 4.1. Civil company as a non-profit civil organization without legal personality 133 4.2. Alliance as a special form of association 134 4.3. Old organizational form – new tendencies: community foundations 134 4.4. The shift towards social economy: borderline forms with growing importance in the field of economy and employment 136 5. The numerical growth of religious associations and the reasons behind it 139 5.1. (Civil) Society and religion in general 139 5.2. Religious movements as parts of civil society 141 5.3. The role of religious organisations in Hungarian society 142 5.4. Legal treatment of religious organisations in Hungary 143 6. The gated community as a new territorial dimension of the civil sector 147 7. The regional and cross-border aspects of the civil sector 149 8. The development of Hungarian civil society outside of Hungary 151 9. The rearrangement of the spheres affected by the civilians and by the state 155 9.1. The intervention of the state in public services previously performed by civilians 156 9.2. Civil actors searching place in the field of public functions reserved for the state. The example of public policing 158 9.2.1. Introduction 158 9.2.2. Civil initiatives in the field of policing 159 9.2.3. Conclusions and new directions 161 10. roma Civil society in Hungary 162 10.1. Introduction 162 10.2. Societal facts – Social indicators 163 10.2.1. Population 163 10.2.2. Divisions within the Hungarian Roma population 164 10.2.3. Culture 165 10.2.4. Problems 165 10.2.4.1. Fertility 167 10.2.4.2. Education 168 10.2.4.3. Unemployment – Situation on the labour market 168 10.2.4.4. Settlement segregation 169 10.2.4.5. Human Rights Situation in Europe related to the Roma 169 10.2.4.5.1. Human Rights Situation in Hungary related to the Roma 169 10.3. Significant reasons that cause and conserve the position of the Roma civil society 170 10.4. The composition of Roma civil society according to the types of organisations 175 10.4.1. Building up Roma civil society from outside 175 10.4.1.1. International actors 176 10.4.1.2. Quasi nongovernmental organisations 176 10.4.1.2.1. Self-Government 177 10.4.1.2.2. Public Foundations and their successors 177 10.4.1.2.3. External support for non-Roma civil entities 178 8 TABLE OF CONTENts 10.4.2. The ‘real’ Roma civil sector 179 10.4.2.1. Human rights, community building 179 10.4.2.2. Youth and education 180 10.4.2.2.1. Roma Youth Organizations 180 10.4.2.2.2. Education and culture 181 10.4.2.3. The Roma and the Media 184 10.4.2.4. The Roma and sports 185 10.4.2.5. The Roma and religious activities 186 10.4.2.6. The Roma and economic (civil) cooperation 186 10.5. Summary and solutions 187 10.5.1. Introduction 187 10.5.2. Directions and solutions 188 11. The most frequent topics of the civil sector in 2014 and in the future 197 ParT vi – THe relaTionsHiP beTWeen Civil orGanisaTions and PubliC adminisTraTion in HunGary, WiTH sPeCial reGard To THeir ParTiCiPaTion in leGislaTion 201 1. Introduction 201 2. Civil participation in program making and legislation 204 2.1. General questions of civil participation in program making and legislation 204 2.2. Civil tools in state administration directly influencing the legislator 207 2.2.1. Direct participation in program making and legislation without membership in bodies 207 2.2.2. Participation in program making and legislation through membership in bodies 213 2.3. Civil tools in local governmental administration which directly influence the legislator 222 2.3.1. Legal bases of civil participation 222 2.3.2. General questions of the participation of local societies 223 2.3.3. Civil participation in program making and legislation through membership in bodies 225 2.3.4. Civil cooperation in program making and legislation without membership in bodies 227 3. Tools influencing the legislator indirectly, through other bodies 231 4. Summary 231 Sources in English 232 List of Abbreviations AA Act C of 2000 on Accounting ADR Alternative Dispute Resolution ÁROP State Reform Operative Programme CC Constitutional Court of Hungary CLC Contemporary Architecture Centre Foundation CSR Corporate Social Responsibility EGTC European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation EMMI Ministry of Human Resources ETA Equal Treatment Act ETT European Territorial Association FCF Ferencváros Community Foundation FIDESZ Alliance of Young Democrats FIDESZ-MPP Alliance of Young Democrats – Hungarian Civic Party FIROSZ National Association of Young Roma GONGO Government-Organised Non-Governmental Organisation GSZT Economic and Social Council GUANGO Guano + NGO HCSO Hungarian Central Statistical Office H u f Hungarian Forint ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICT Information and Communication Technology ISTR International Society for Third Sector Research ISZT Network of Youth