Collection Preservation in Library Building Design Collection Preservation in Library Building Design. This material was originally created by Barclay Ogden, Library Preservation Department, University of California, Berkeley. Valuable review and contributions were provided by Edward Dean AIA of SMWM Architecture, San Francisco, and Steven Guttmann of Guttmann + Blaevoet Mechanical Engineers, San Francisco. Illustrations were done by Michael Bulander, Architect, Los Angeles. The publication is provided through the Libris Design Project [http://www.librisdesign.org], supported by the U.S. Institute of Museum and Library Services under the provisions of the Library Services and Technology Act, administered in California by the State Librarian. Any use of this material should credit the authors and funding source. CONTENTS Page 1. COSTS AND BENEFITS OF COLLECTION PRESERVATION 1 2. COLLECTION PROTECTION 2 2.1 Fire Protection 2 2.2 Water Protection 7 2.3 Theft and Vandalism Protection 9 2.4 Disaster Response and Collection Salvage 9 3. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL 12 3.1 Relative Humidity Specifications 13 3.2 Temperature Specifications 15 3.3 Stabilizing Relative Humidity and Temperature 15 3.4 Air Pollutants 16 3.5 Light Specifications 17 3.6 Monitoring the Storage Environment 19 4. STACK SHELVING 20 4.1 Shelving 20 4.2 Bookends 21 4.3 Exterior Walls and Placement of Supply Air Ducts 22 4.4 Stack Carpeting 23 5. COMMON PRESERVATION CHALLENGES IN LIBRARY BUILDING PROJECTS 23 5.1 Aesthetics Trump Preservation 23 5.2 Preservation Priorities Get Scrambled 23 5.3 Preservation Costs Energy 23 5.4 Some HVAC Engineers Don't Understand Collection Needs 24 5.5 High-Tech Systems Are Too Smart for Their Own Good 24 5.6 Disasters Happen During Construction 24 5.7 Buildings Below the Water Table Get Wet 25 5.8 Collections Are Moved before the Building Is Ready 25 6. REFERENCES 25 i 1. COSTS AND BENEFITS OF COLLECTION PRESERVATION Addressing collection preservation as part of library building design helps to protect the collection against catastrophic loss and to reduce library expenses by extending the collection’s service life. The purpose of collection preservation is to manage risk to an acceptable level, while acknowledging that avoiding risk altogether is impossible. The collection is the library’s single largest asset; designing the building that houses it to maximize protection against major losses including earthquake, fire, water damage, and theft, is responsible management of public resources. Designing an indoor environment (including temperature, humidity, air quality, and light levels) conducive to preservation extends the collection’s service life by slowing down its rate of physical deterioration. Books and documents intended to be kept in the collection permanently will not need to be replaced as often, saving the library money. Preservation costs money to save money; it requires an initial investment in building features and systems to increase protection and reduce deterioration. The library’s return on its investment comes as cost avoidance in the years that follow: fewer losses and longer service life. To minimize up front costs, actions to protect the collection and actions to optimize the collection environment should be addressed separately. All library collections represent a large investment of library funds. Consequently, all library building projects should optimize their design to protect the collections against earthquake, fire, water, and theft. Addressing the preservation needs discussed in the sections below will help minimize the risk of catastrophic loss. Some collections have to last forever; many libraries have “special” and “local history” collections they want to last centuries, if possible. These collections largely are irreplaceable and therefore need additional features from the building design to maximize their service lives. However, most collection materials in most publicly funded libraries are not added to the collection with the expectation that they will continue to part of the collection indefinitely. These “general” collection materials are expected to be serviceable enough to meet current and anticipated future needs; they will be discarded when they no longer are needed or have been succeeded by more current works. Page 1 Opportunities to minimize preservation-related construction and operating costs accrue from distinguishing between the needs of general and special collections. If the two types of collections can be segregated for storage and use, the higher cost solutions needed for special collections can be addressed without incurring the cost of applying the same solutions to the general collections. For example, irreplaceable special collection materials might be stored in a very secure part of the building where there are no emergency exits from the building decreasing the risk of theft, and without water lines or other utilities, decreasing the risk of water damage. Special collection materials could be used in reading areas where sight lines from service desks are unobstructed, providing a sense of vigilance and security for the collection. The relatively challenging environmental conditions needed for storage of special collections might be met more readily and less expensively by locating special collections away from exterior walls and windows where environmental control is more difficult and more costly. 2. COLLECTION PROTECTION The recommendations for collection protection below apply equally to general and special collections, are the top priority among preservation measures, and should be implemented for all new library construction or major renovations. 2.1 Fire Protection Library fires are a very common and very serious risk to collections. In the United States alone, an average of 198 library fires has been suffered each year since 1980-- one library fire every 1.8 days (NFPA 909, p 35). From the point of view of survival of collections, popular belief for some decades was that more books and documents were lost to malfunctions and unwanted discharge of water-based fire suppression systems than to fire. This led to deployment of non-aqueous systems, aqueous systems based on keeping sprinkler pipes filled with air rather than water until a fire triggered the system to fill with water, and even installation of fire detection systems instead of fire suppression systems. With modern freeze-drying technology, this perspective has changed; wet materials can be salvaged, but burned materials cannot. Further, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) fire tests have discounted the mistaken notion that library Page 2 materials don’t burn readily; studies have proven that library materials constitute a high concentration of combustible material that makes library stack fires, once underway, very difficult to extinguish (NFPA 909, p. 90). Best Practices Current best practices are to 1) minimize exposure to arson (accountable for nearly a third of all library fires); 2) use compartmentation to limit the spread of fire; and 3) employ fire detection AND water-based fire suppression systems for collection protection. 1) Minimize exposure to arson. Exterior doors in library buildings (public, staff, and emergency egress doors) need to be well attended and controlled, and they usually are. Windows, however, too often are left unattended during library open hours, and left unlocked or open when the library is closed, providing an arsonist with an opportunity to start a fire by tossing into the building burning rags, wadded up paper, or even (on record) Molotov cocktails. Windows that do not open eliminate this risk, or the risk can be reduced by the use of screening to cover windows that can be opened. A second major exposure to arson comes from book returns that penetrate the exterior wall into library space. A book return built into the wall of a library gives an arsonist easy access to the interior, and often is provided with a convenient fuel source in the form of other books that previously have been deposited in the book return. Much damage has been done by book return fires, including damage from smoke that spreads throughout the building. Best practice is to use stand alone book return bins located outside and away from the perimeter of the building. 2) Use compartmentation to limit the spread of fire. In any book stack, the risk of major damage to or loss of the entire collection is reduced by introducing “compartmentation,” i.e., subdividing the bookstack by constructing fire-resistant walls, ceilings, and floors to limit the spread of fire, smoke, and to some extent, water. Compartmentation is a highly successful method of reducing risk if barriers are designed and installed properly. Fire ratings must be appropriate for book stacks, and there can be no breaks or interruptions to the barriers. Points often overlooked in the use of compartmentation are continuation of the walls above drop ceilings to the floor above, installation of automatic dampers in air handling systems, sealing of gaps Page 3 around utility tunnels, and use of automatic fire doors; all are measures designed to help isolate compartments from one another to prevent the spread of fire, smoke, and water. Vertical openings between floors for services, stairwells, and elevators need to be sealed if each floor is to become a separate compartment and barrier to the spread of fire. Fire-Rated Doors on automatic closers Fire-Rated Seals at Material Joints 2-Hour Fire-Rated Walls and Ceilings Figure 1. Special Collection Area separated through Compartmentation. Special collection storage areas often are especially suitable for compartmentation; the collection usually is housed in closed stacks (not accessible directly by library patrons) and often has additional security and environmental requirements that dovetail well with the use of compartmentation for fire protection. 3) Employ fire detection AND water-based fire suppression systems. Fire detection systems include those based on heat sensors, smoke sensors, and products of combustion sensors. Fire detection systems can detect fires prior to triggering the suppression system and, consequently, can buy an extremely valuable few minutes for fire department response.