DOCUMENT RESUME ED 218 000 PS 012 918 AUTHOR Nelson,Kathryn,Ed.; And Others TITLE The National Evaluation of School NutritionPrograms:-__._ - Review of Research: Volume 1. INSTITUTION System Development Corp., Santa Monica, Calif. SPONS AGENCY Food and Nutrition Service (DOA), Washi n, DC. Office of Policy, Planning and Eval ion. PUB DATE Apr.81 NOTE 423p.; For related documents,see PS 012 919-920. ORS PRICE' AF01/PC17 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS ,Agency Role; *Breakfast Programs; Eating Habits; Elementary Secondary Education; Federal Aid;Federal Legislation; *Federal Programs; Literature Reviews; *LunchkPrograms; *Nutrition; Program Descriptions; Program Effectiveness; *Program Evaluation; Research Methodology; Research Needs; Research Problems;State Agencies; Tables (Data) IDENTIFIERS Food Consumption; *Milk Programs ABSTRACT Findings of a review of research pertainingto federally subsidized school nutritionprograms are presented in this report. The review of research, the first phase of theNational Evaluation of School Nutrition Programs, isintended to provide guidance for the design of subsequent evaluation (includingstudent, parent, and food administrator surveys) by describingschool nutrition programs and their operations and byproviding baseline information on nutritional statusassessment, nutritional status of school-age children, program impoct, andcorrespondences between targeting of program benefitr and recipients'needs. Also identified are areas which need further investigation and methodological approaches most likely to increase knowledge ofthe programs and their effects. Chapter 1 in this first volumeof the review provides the descriptive context for the studies reviewed insubsequent chapters, first presenting a history of the enabling legislation, then providing information on the organizationalstructure and operations of the programs. Chapter 2 describes methodsfor assessing the nutritional status of children and provides informationfor studies of program effects. Chapter 3 reviewsstudies of nutrition-related problems in American school-age children.Critical features of each study are described, discrepant findingsare examined, and explanations of the differences foundare offered. (RH) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRSare the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** The National Evaluationof School Nutrition, Programs US DEPARTMENT Of EDUCATION NATIONAL INSTITUTE OFEDUCATION f-D P r mr .r p ,,r r 1 OUSIT$Oi IU4)011( 11. NATIONAL EVALUATION OF SCHOOL NUTRITION PROGRAM U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Si STEM DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION ADVISOR 1 PANEL. FOOD AND NUTRITION SERVICE. 2500 Colorado AN enue Gertrude Applebaum Jack Radzikowski, Ph.D., Project Officer Santa Monica, CA. 90406 Director, Department of Food Services SteWn K. Gale. Ph.D., Associate Project Officer (213) 820.4111 Corpus Christi Independent Seaol Office of Policy. Planning and Evaluation District. Corpus Christi, Texas 500 12th Street, S.W. Jean Wellisch, Ph.D., Project Manager Washington, D. C. 20250 Ray Stewart, Ed D , Associate Manager Walter F. Colender (202) 4478223 Director. Child Nutrition Programs Joyce Vermeersch, Dr. P.H New Jersey State Department of Education SUBCONTRACTORS/\ Project Research Nutritionist Trenton, New Jersey DECIMA RESEARC Ross Conner, Ph D. Judit KatonaApte, Dr. P.H. 2760 North Main Asst. Professor of Social Ecology Research Nutritionist Santa Ana, CA. cc...01 University of California at Irvine Vincent Breglio, Ph.D., Project Director Irvine, California Lawrence A. Jordan. Ph.D. Tom Glenn, Senior Research Associate * ManagerSampling, Design and Analysis Robert Karp, M.D. CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSlTY Asst. Professor of Pediatrics and Office of Research Administrator Sai.y 1). Hanes Director. Nutrition Programs Cleveland, Ohio 44106 Associate Manager Department of Pediatrics, James Koppenhaver, Assistant Director Thomas Jefferson Univ-rsity Harold Hower. M.D., C.:ordinator Kenneth M. Maurer Philadelphia. Pennsylvania Econometrician Robert Linn, Ph.D. Professor of Psychology Janet K. Rienbolt University of Illinois Research Analyst Urbana, Illinois CONSULTANTS AND John R. Shiban San., Lynn Parler TECHNICAL ADVISORS ManagerField Operations Nutrition Field Worker Philip Armstrong Food Research and Action Center Amelia Ariens Mary Macari Washington, D. C. Sr Field Operations Specialist George Briggs, Ph.D. David Price. Ph.D. Ruth Carol Ed.D. Professor, Agricultural Economics Beth Mutton John Coulson, Ph.D Washington State University Field Operations Specialist Joseph Edozien, M.D Pullman, Washington Gail Frank Ralph Frerichs, Dr P.H. Linda Soriano Richard Reed Steven Kaplan Field Nutritiemist Member, Committee on Evaluation Ward Keesling, Ph.D and Information Systems, and Jane Lewis, Dr. P.H. 'nstrument Processing Child Nutrition Director Robert Levine, Ph.D. Aida Bell New York State Department of Education Lillie Park;n, Ph.D Albany, New York Grace Petot David Rush, M.D. Marian Solomon. Ph D, Training and Quality Assurance School of Public Health Seymour Sudman, Ph.D. Columbia University Donald West, Ph.D. Lyn Hayes New Yea, New York Alfred Zerfas, M.R P E Sue flixson Maria Marvosh DanielStuffiel<;;r,Ph.D. Olga Sanders Director, Evaluation Center, and Noreen Shanahan Professor of Education Patricia Sorrel's Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan Gary A Duck, Ph D ManagerInstrumentation Ann R. Tolman Director, Child Nutrition Programs Doug Longshore Connecticut State Department of Education Instrumentation Specialist Hartford, Connecticut Myron Winick, M.D. Kathryn Nelson Professor of Pediatrics and Phase I Coordinator Director, Institute of Human Nutrition Columbia University Jane Green New York, New York Research Associate Project Secretaries Carol Bundles Peggy Hobbs M ko M. Vale 3 THE NATIONAL EVALUATION OF SCHOOLNUTRITION PROGRAMS REVIEW OF RESEARCH- VOLUME 1 Edited by: Kathryn Nelson Joyce Vermeersch Lawrenre Jordan Jean Wellisch Steven Gale The research reported hereinwas performed pursuant to a contract with the Office of. Policy, Planning and Evaluation, FoodF and Nutrition Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Contractors undertaking such projects under Government sponsorshipare encouraged to express freely their professional Judgment inthe conduct of the project. Therefore, points of view or opinions stated do not, necessarily, represent official USDA positionor policy. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION 2500 COLORA AVENUE if SANTA MONICA,CALIF NIA 90406 APRIL 1981 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Here, we want to acknowledge the people whomade significant contributions during thereview process,in addition to those namedas authors. Many people contributed to thereview of researchbysearching forrelevant studies, abstracting information, composing tables, preparing preliminary drafts, and conducting substantive and editorialreviews.-If someone who helped us is not mentioned, it is due toan oversight and we apologize. First, we want to express our appreciation toth people inthe Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) of the Department ';' Agriculture (USDA). Jack Radzikowski, the USDA Project Officerfor the National Evaluation of School Nutrition Programs (NESNP)has been unfailing in his support, patienceand good humor. He and Steven Gale,Nutritional Coordinator for the Program Evaluation Staff of the Office ofPlanning, Policy and Evaluation, critiqued draft materials and coordinated inputsfrom other members of the FNS staff. They were extremely sensitiveto the interests and concerns of the diverse audiences for this report and guidedus toward making the report useful to decision-makers, practitioners and researchers. Among other FNS staff who reviewed drafts ofthe report, we are especially grateful to Fran Zorn and Teresa Trogden fortheir information and insights concerning nutritional assessment andprogram operations. Next, we want to. thank themembers of the NESNP Advisory Group who reviewed our drafts, provided information on operationalOtpcedures, andsuggested additional topics to be covered in the review. (The Advisory Group membership is shown on the NESNPorganization chart.) Finally, we want to acknowledgethe contributions of NESNP staff. Ruth Bornstein (consultant) wrote thepreliminary draft of legislative history in Chapter I, and Ken Maurer (project economist)drafted the sectionon school ii 5 and student participation, also in Chapter I; Lilli Parkin and Fred Zerfas (consultants) wrote the preliminary drafts for Chapter iI on dietary measures and anthropometrics, respectively; Jane Green (NESNP research associate)A Linda Marie Collins(FNS summer intern) preparedcomprehensive, detailed critical analyses of Chapters II and IV, respectively; Laura Leeb(NESNP research assistant) located research and abstracted data for several of the chapters; Sandra Brighouse located studies and constructed tables for. Chapter III; Carol Bundies (project secretary), Frank Tierney, Pam Doherty, and,Bruce Severy (SDC editors) patiently and diligently worked on the many iterations needed to complete this report. , iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES.. xi INTRODUCTION 1 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER I 19 CHAPTER I. THE SCHOOL NUTRITIONPROGRAMS - LEGISLATIONt ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION 27 HOW ARE THE SCHOOLNUTRITION PROGRAMS DESIGNED TO OPERATES 28 What Major LegislationHas Influenced the Operation of the Programs9 29 What Ark-the Major Functions and Responsibilitiesof Federal,