ENERGIZED PROCESSES FOR ONSITE TREATMENT OF LEACHATE Final Draft: December 1, 2010 Daniel E. Meeroff Department of Civil, Environmental & Geomatics Engineering Florida Atlantic University State University System of Florida Hinkley Center for Solid and Hazardous Waste Management University of Florida 4635 NW 53rd Avenue, Suite 205 Gainesville, FL 32653 www.hinkleycenter.org Report # ?? FINAL REPORT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research was sponsored in part by the William W. “Bill” Hinkley Center for Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and Florida Atlantic University. The researchers would like to thank Jeff Roccapriore, Joe Lurix, Art Torvela, Sermin Unsal, Ravi Kadambala, Frederick Bloetscher, Amede Dimonnay, Allan Choate, Juan Quiroz, Dan Schauer, Tom Peel, Lee Martin, Lee Casey, Chad Fettrow, James Leavor, Marshall Seymore, Charles Emery, Dan Morrical, John Booth, Ray Schauer, Richard Meyers, Manuel Hernandez, Marc Bruner, Matt Zuccaro for sharing their input as members of the Technical Advisory Group. The following individuals are thanked for their contributions to the research: Tim Vinson, John Schert, Kevin Vann, Kevin Leo, David Gregory, Dan Rodriguez, Darryl Smith, William Edwards, Gary Debo, Scott Trainor, Thomas Boatman, Patrick Cosme, Hala Sfeir, Richard Tedder, Teresa Blannkenship, Charles Emery, Marshall Seymore, Dawn Templin, Alex Hubbard, Tony Bishop, Deng Yang, William Koseldt, Swapnil Jain, Hatsuko Hashimoto, Jim Englehardt, André McBarnette, Anthony Ruffini, and Richard Reichenbach. The researchers would also like to thank all of the TAG members who provided invaluable input and peer review of the information contained herein. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 ADVANCED OXIDATION TECHNOLOGIES..................................................................... 5 1.1.1 Photo-Fenton / Fenton-like systems ..................................................................................... 7 1.1.2 Ultraviolet light and hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2)............................................................. 9 1.1.3 Photocatalytic oxidation ...................................................................................................... 10 1.1.4 Iron-Mediated Aeration (IMA) ........................................................................................... 18 1.1.5 Photochemical Iron-Mediated Aeration (PIMA)................................................................ 20 1.1.6 Ozone with Ultraviolet Light (O3/UV)................................................................................. 22 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT..................................................................................................... 22 1.3 OBJECTIVES.......................................................................................................................... 23 2. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................... 24 2.1 INFORMATION COMPILATION................................................................................................ 24 2.2 BASELINE LEACHATE WATER QUALITY CHARACTERIZATION ................................. 24 2.3 REACTOR DESIGN AND CONCEPT TESTING ....................................................................... 27 2.3.1 Laboratory-Scale Reactor Design............................................................................................. 27 2.3.2 Preliminary Concept Testing .................................................................................................... 32 2.3.2.1 Preparation of Simulated Leachate ................................................................................................. 33 2.3.2.2 Collection of Real Leachate.............................................................................................................. 34 2.3.2.3 Laboratory-Scale Experimental Setup ............................................................................................ 39 2.3.2.4 Laboratory Experiments with Lime Addition ................................................................................ 40 2.4 PILOT TESTING ............................................................................................................................ 40 2.5 ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR PARAMETERS OF INTEREST........................................... 47 2.5.1 COD........................................................................................................................................... 47 2.5.2 BOD5.......................................................................................................................................... 47 2.5.3 Trace Metals.............................................................................................................................. 48 2.5.4 Ammonia-Nitrogen ................................................................................................................... 48 2.5.5 Alkalinity ................................................................................................................................... 49 2.5.6 Color .......................................................................................................................................... 49 2.5.7 pH .............................................................................................................................................. 49 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................. 51 3.1 LABORATORY-SCALE EXPERIMENTS OF CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND IN SIMULATED LEACHATE ................................................................................................................................................................. 51 3.1.1 Titanium Dioxide Optimization Results ................................................................................... 51 3.1.2 Alkalinity Optimization Results ................................................................................................ 57 3.1.3 Scale-Up Testing ....................................................................................................................... 59 3.1.4 Laboratory-Scale Experiments of Chemical Oxygen Demand in Real Leachate................... 60 3.1.5 Kinetics Testing......................................................................................................................... 65 3.3 LABORATORY-SCALE EXPERIMENTS OF BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND IN REAL LEACHATE 67 3.4 LABORATORY-SCALE EXPERIMENTS OF AMMONIA-NITROGEN..................................................... 68 3.5 LABORATORY-SCALE EXPERIMENTS OF TRACE METALS .............................................................. 71 3.6 LABORATORY-SCALE EXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE ALKALINITY EFFECTS ............................... 74 3.7 LABORATORY-SCALE EXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE PH EFFECTS ............................................... 75 3.8 SUMMARY OF LABORATORY SCALE FINDINGS ................................................................................ 76 3.9 PILOT-SCALE EXPERIMENTS FOR COD REMOVAL ......................................................................... 77 4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................... 80 4.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS.................................................................................................................... 80 iii 4.2 PRELIMINARY COST ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................ 81 4.3 RECOMMENDATIONS......................................................................................................................... 82 5. REFERENCES............................................................................................................ 84 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Photograph of 22 lb bag of titanium dioxide P25 photocatalyst. ...................... 12 Figure 2. Removal of COD from simulated leachate with and without alkalinity. .......... 18 Figure 3. Photograph of the laboratory-scale photocatalytic reactor................................ 27 Figure 4. Photochemical Safety Cabinet.......................................................................... 28 Figure 5. UV lamp immersion well and quartz jacket..................................................... 29 Figure 6. Photoreactor vessel containing TiO2 particles and real leachate...................... 30 Figure 7. Picture of cooling by ice water......................................................................... 31 Figure 8. Aeration and humidifier system configuration................................................ 32 Figure 9. Aerial photograph of the Solid Waste Authority of Palm Beach County. ........ 34 Figure 10. Aerial photograph closeup of the Central Disposal Sanitary Landfill. ........... 35 Figure 11. Aerial photograph of the Broward County North Regional Wastewater Treatment plant. ................................................................................................................ 36 Figure 12. Sample location (combined leachate) at the wet well of the deep well injection station at the Solid Waste Authority of Palm Beach County located in West Palm Beach, FL...................................................................................................................................... 36 Figure 13. Sample location (combined leachate) at the manhole station at the Solid