Victories Over Violence: Ensuring Safety For Women and Girls Annotated Bibliography Contexts For Gender-Based Violence Culture, Poverty and Psychology Afkhami, Mahnaz, ed. Faith and Freedom: Women’s Human Rights in the Muslim World. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1995. Academicians and activists examine patriarchal structures pitting women’s human rights against Islam to show how discrimination and violence results from male theologians’ interpretations of religion, diverging legal codes and gender segregation. They explore how to empower women to (re-)define their cultures, set priorities and participate in the political process. Afkhami, Mahnaz and Friedl, Erika, eds. Muslim Women and the Politics of Participation: Implementing the Beijing Platform. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1997. Academicians and activists propose strategies to implement the Beijing Platform For Action of the 1995 United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women. Their proposals for Muslim women’s empowerment range from the critical reading of literature to shape their consciousness to human rights education to collaboration with non-governmental and international organizations. Ahmadi Khorasani, Noushin. Iranian Women’s One Million Signatures Campaign for Equality: The Inside Story. Bethesda, MD: Women’s Learning Partnership for Rights, Development and Peace, 2009. A campaign co-founder details the origins, strategies and philosophy of this grassroots movement fighting for women’s equality in Iran since 2006, offering a model of citizens surmounting cultural, political and socio-economic obstacles to advocate for human rights. AWID, ed. Feminists on the Frontline: AWID Case Studies of Resisting Fundamentalisms. Toronto, Canada: Association for Women’s Rights in Development, 2010. The Association for Women’s Rights in Development (AWID) collects 18 case studies of women worldwide challenging fundamentalisms within different faith traditions to highlight religion’s privileged position in defining and potentially denying human rights as well as the strategies activists adopt to ensure equality and dignity for all. Bancroft, Lundy. Why Does He Do That?: Inside the Minds of Angry and Controlling Men. New York, NY: The Berkley Publishing Group, 2002. Former co-director of Emerge, the first counseling program for abusers in the United States, probes why men commit domestic violence. He describes early warning signs of abuse, classifies abusers’ personality types, elucidates the abuser’s beliefs, and examines how a woman reclaims control over her life and a man changes his behavior. Ertürk, Yakin. “Intersections between Culture and Violence against Women.” Report of Special Rappoorteur on Violence against Women, Its Causes and Consequences. UN Human Rights Council. 2007. A/HRC/4//34. 206 Appendices The Special Rapporteur contends that culture-based justifications of women’s rights abuses obscure the economic and political foundations of cultural dynamics. Tracing the emergence of international norms which recognize that the right to live free of gender-based violence trumps culture, she explains how women’s movements appropriated the discourse of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and transformed it to address violence. Ertürk, Yakin. “Political Economy of Women’s Rights.” Report of the Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, Its Causes and Consequences. UN Human Rights Council. 2009. A/HRC/11/6. The Special Rapporteur asserts that the neo-liberal order affects the prevalence of violence against women and efforts to eradicate it, as power operates through both coercion and the relations of production. This political economy approach, she argues, considers women’s poverty and exclusion from decision making, avoids an isolated treatment of violence and offers states and other actors a framework to fulfill their duties in the area of women’s human rights. Greiff, Shaina. No Justice in Justifications: Violence against Women in the Name of Culture, Religion, and Tradition. The Global Campaign to Stop Killing and Stoning Women (SKSW) and Women Living Under Muslim Laws, 2010. The author introduces the SKSW Campaign’s project with partners in Senegal, Afghanistan, Nigeria, Pakistan and Iran to explore the relationship between culture and violence against women. She assesses efforts to combat abuses perpetrated in the name of culture and religion, including: progressive interpretations of religion, civil society activism, United Nations interventions and monitoring of state accountability. Kapadia, Karin, ed. The Violence of Development: The Politics of Identity, Gender & Social Inequalities in India. London, UK and New York, NY: Zed Books, 2003. Scholars of diverse disciplines investigate the cultural, social, political and economic situation of India’s women, observing that their plight is worsening despite indicators of progress in education and employment. The authors discuss how the dynamics of economic development reinforce male-bias values and increase violence against women of all castes and classes. Katz, Jackson. The Macho Paradox: Why Some Men Hurt Women and How All Men Can Help. Naperville, IL; Sourcebooks, 2006. Co-founder of the Mentors in Violence Prevention Program (MVP) declares that because rape, battering and sexual abuse are so common, they must be viewed as a social ailment rooted in our culture rather than as the problem of troubled individuals. Examining such contexts as athletic teams and the military, the author enlists men in the prevention of violence. He urges them to confront misogyny, providing exercises from the MVP model to raise men’s consciousness. Kristof, Nicholas D. and WuDunn, Sheryl. Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide. New York, NY: Vintage Books, 2010 ed. These journalists examine the oppression of women and girls in societies as diverse as Afghanistan, Cambodia and Ethiopia, focusing on individual efforts to unleash the economic potential of the female half of the population. Women are the greatest untapped resource around the world, and their empowerment is a moral and economic 207 Victories Over Violence: Ensuring Safety For Women and Girls imperative, according to the authors. They show how a little can help to change women’s and girls’ lives in various countries and contend that educating females and integrating them into the formal economy enables them to fight gender-based violence as well as poverty. Phillips, Beth and Phillips, Debby A. “Learning from Youth Exposed to Domestic Violence: Decentering DV and the Primacy of Gender Stereotypes.” Violence Against Women. Vol. 16, No. 3, March 2010. The authors, studying how young witnesses of domestic violence view their experiences, learn that youths draw on gender stereotypes for behaviors which often defy education and proposals for coping. They find that professionals’ formal interventions clash with youths’ gender norms, but their casual interactions inadvertently reinforce stereotypical identities and behaviors. Raj, Anita and Silverman, Jay. “Violence against Immigrant Women: The Roles of Culture, Context and Legal Immigrant Status on Intimate Partner Violence.” Violence Against Women. Vol. 8, No. 3, March 2002. The authors review legal, medical and social science literature to conclude that what little data exists on intimate partner violence against immigrant women shows their cultures, contexts and legal status make them vulnerable to batterers and make seeking help difficult. Yet the first two factors also add to resilience and may be used by policy makers to serve these women better. Sokoloff, Natalie J., ed. with Pratt, Christina. Domestic Violence at the Margins: Readings on Race, Class, Gender, and Culture. Rutgers, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005. Scholars of diverse disciplines expand the discourse on domestic violence by looking at structural oppression against American women marginalized by race, ethnicity, religion, sexuality and class. Emphasizing how power relations and the availability of services are linked, they argue that privilege based on such factors must be addressed along with abuse of women and children. Tomsen, Stephen. “A Top Night: Social protest, masculinity and the culture of drinking violence,” in Stanko, Elizabeth A., ed. Violence. Hampshire, England and Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2002. This criminologist’s ethnographic study of assaults at public drinking sites probes the tie between violence, masculine identity and alcohol consumption in social interaction. He reveals that many drinkers interpret participation in disorderly acts and violence as a form of leisure, social protest and defiance of middle-class morality, offering a sense of release, pleasure and carnival. Vaziri, Haleh, ed. Strategizing for Safety: Essays from the Expert Group Meeting on Eliminating Violence Against Women and Girls. Bethesda, MD: Sisterhood Is Global Institute (SIGI), 1999. Experts of different cultural and professional backgrounds analyze the theoretical, empirical and practical issues surrounding efforts to eliminate gender violence. They brainstorm for solutions to prevent, resist and cope with the impact of human rights violations against women and girls. 208 Appendices The Fight Against Gender Violence and For Health as a Human right Firth Murray, Anne. From Outrage to Courage: Women Taking Action for Health and Justice. Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2008. The Founding President of The Global Fund for Women details abuses endured by women, particularly