University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Modern Languages and Literatures, Department Spanish Language and Literature of 2011 Machado y Ruiz, Antonio (1875-1939) Iker González-Allende University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/modlangspanish Part of the Modern Languages Commons González-Allende, Iker, "Machado y Ruiz, Antonio (1875-1939)" (2011). Spanish Language and Literature. 88. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/modlangspanish/88 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Modern Languages and Literatures, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Spanish Language and Literature by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. World Literature in Spanish AN ENCYCLOPEDIA Volume 2: G-Q Maureen lhrie and Salvador A. Oropesa, Editors LhABC-CLIO Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado Oxford, England Machado y Ruiz, Antonio pieces use water imagery, especially water (1 875-1 939) wheels and fountains, to symbolize feel- ings of solitude, melancholy, and anguish. Born in Seville, he is considered one of the Machado's next poetry collection, most outstanding poets in 20th-century Campos de Castilla (1912; The Landscape Spain and the linchpin poet of Spain's *Gen- of Castile, 2005), describes the Castilian eration of 1898. After spending time in Paris, landscape and shows the poet's special bond he worked as a French teacher in Soria, and with it. In these poems, Machado also criti- later lived in Segovia and Madrid. To escape cizes certain negative aspects of Castile and Francoist troops at the end of the Spanish Spain, including poverty and backwardness. Civil War, Machado went into exile in Col- One of the most relevant poems, the ballad lioure, France, dying there soon after. In his "La tierra de Alvargonzilez" ("The Land of pocket was found his last poem: "Estos dias Alvargonz6lez"), reinterprets the myth of azules y este sol de la infancia" ("These Cain and Abel. A later edition of this volume azure days and this sun of childhood"). added several poems dedicated to friends and For Machado, poetry served to capture to Machado's dead wife, Leonor Izquierdo. the essence of things and the course of time. His last poetic work, Nuevas canciones He defined poetry as the dialogue a poet (1924; New Songs), contains poems about establishes with his time period. His verse the Andalusian landscape as well as short evolved from a modernist, romantic expres- poems, called "Proverbios y cantares" sion that describes the poet's feelings and ("Proverbs and Songs"), of a philosophical inner world, to a poetry that focuses on and conceptual bent. In editions of his col- Spain's situation and its people from a lected works, Machado included new social perspective. Writings from his final poems, like "Canciones a Guiomar" ("Songs years also reveal his interest in philosophy. to Guiomar"), dedicated to his last lover, Machado's poetic work began in 1903 Pilar de Valderrama. During the Spanish with publication of Soledades (Solitudes), Civil War (1936-1939), he also composed followed by Soledades, galerias y otros some poems in favor of the republic, such poemas (1907; Solitudes, Galleries and as "El crimen fue en Granada" ("The Crime Other Poems, 1987), a corrected and more Was in Granada"), recounting Federico complete version of the previous book. In *Garcia Lorca's murder. During his last this work, poems address such themes as years, Machado wrote in prose Juan de time, death, God and nostalgic reminis- Mairena (1934-1936), a collection of cences of childhood. These introspective articles dealing with metaphysics, logic, 584 1 Machado y Ruiz, Manuel (1 874-1 947) aesthetics, and politics. Besides poetry, he better-known Antonio "Machado, he is also coauthored several plays with his one of the most prominent representatives brother, Manuel "Machado. of modernist and symbolist poetry and Antonio Machado's continued devotion theater in Spain. In 1899, he visited Paris to Spain greatly influenced Spanish social and became strongly influenced by sym- poets of the 1950s and 1960s. Some of bolists, Parnassians, and particularly by his poems have gained wide, popular cir- Verlaine and Nicaraguan Rubtn "Dario. culation through iconic singer-songwriter The results of these influences were Alma Joan Manuel *Senat's reinterpretations of (1902; Soul), and El ma1 poema (1909; them as songs. The Wrong Poem). Nonetheless, Machado Iker Gonza'lez-Allende remained very much attached to the city of Sevilla y otros poemas (19 18; Seville and Work By: Other Poems). In the 1930s, his political Border of a Dream: Selected Poems. views-opposed to those of his brother- Trans. Willis Barnstone. Washington: influenced his writings, which celebrated Conner Canvon. 2003. the Francisco Franco revolt. Horas de oro Cambridge, MA: Harvard University the military uprising that displaced Press, 1988. democracy in Spain. Following the fascist victory, Machado acted as one of the most Work About: recognized voices of the early dictator- Scarlett, Elizabeth A. "Antonio Machado's ship. As a playwright, Machado collabo- Fountains: Archaeology of an Image." rated with his brother Antonio on a Modern Language Notes 113.2 (1998): number of plays, most famously La Lola 305-23. se va a 10s puertos (1930; Lola by the Whiston, James. "Unas pocas palabras Harbors). verdaderas: The Naming and Framing Rafael Lamas Spanish Civil War and the ~ictatorshi~of General Franco (1936-1975). Machado y Ruiz, Manuel Work About: (1 874-1 947) Badanes, Jost Ignacio. "The Poetic Text as Dandy: Reading the Poetry of Ma- Born in Sevilla, son of folklorist Antonio nuel Machado." Romance Languages Machado v ~lvarezand brother of the Annual 9 (1997): 406-9. .