Appendix A HEAT TRANSFER DATA This appendix contains data for use with problems in the text. Data have been gathered from various primary sources and text compilations as listed in the references. Emphasis is on presentation of the data in a manner suitable for computerized database manipulation. Properties of solids at room temperature are provided in a common framework. Parameters can be compared directly. Upon entrance into a database program, data can be sorted, for example, by rank order of thermal conductivity. Gases, liquids, and liquid metals are treated in a common way. Attention is given to providing properties at common temperatures (although some materials are provided with more detail than others). In addition, where numbers are multiplied by a factor of a power of 10 for display (as with viscosity) that same power is used for all materials for ease of comparison. For gases, coefficients of expansion are taken as the reciprocal of absolute temper­ ature in degrees kelvin. For liquids, actual values are used. For liquid metals, the first temperature entry corresponds to the melting point. The reader should note that there can be considerable variation in properties for classes of materials, especially for commercial products that may vary in composition from vendor to vendor, and natural materials (e.g., soil) for which variation in composition is expected. In addition, the reader may note some variations in quoted properties of common materials in different compilations. Thus, at the time the reader enters into serious profes­ sional work, he or she may find it advantageous to verify that data used correspond to the specific materials being used and are up to date. 351 352 Appendix A TABLE A-I Properties of Solids p Cp k a Material (kg/m3 (J/kg·°C) (W /m . 0c) (m2/sec) e+ O.05 Metals and Alloys Aluminum 2,707 896 204 8.418 Beryllium 1,850 825 200 5.92 Bismuth 9,780 122 7.86 0.66 Boron 2,500 1,090 30 1.1 Brass 8,522 385 111 3.41 Bronze 8,666 343 26 0.859 Cadmium 8,650 231 96.8 4.84 Carbon steel (l %C) 7,801 473 43 1.17 Cast iron 7,272 420 51.9 1.7 Chrome steel (1 %C) 7,913 448 59 1.67 Chromium 7,160 451 93.6 2.9 Cobalt 8,862 419 100 2.7 Cooper 8,954 3,831 386 11.23 Duralumin 2,787 883 164 6.676 Germanium 5,360 318 61.4 3.6 Gold 19,300 129 316 12.7 Inconel-X 8,510 439 11.6 3.1 Iron 7,870 452 81.1 2.28 Lead 11,340 129 129 2.41 Lithium 534 3,560 76 4 Magnesium 1,740 1,017 155 8.76 Manganese 7,430 477 78 2.2 Molybdenum 10,240 255 138 5.3 Nichrome 8,360 430 12.6 0.35 Nickel 8,900 442 90.5 2.3 Platinum 21,450 130 72 2.6 Silicon 2,330 691 153 9.5 Silver 10,500 235 427 17.3 Stainless steel (304) 7,900 477 14.9 3.95 Tantalum 16,600 138 57.5 2.51 Tin 5,750 227 67 5.13 Titanium 4,500 510 22 9.6 Tungsten 19,300 133 178 6.92 Uranium 19,070 116 27 1.2 Vanadium 6,100 486 33 1.1 Wrought iron 7,850 460 57.8 1.6 Zinc 7,140 388 122 4.4 Zirconium 6,570 280 22 1.2 Building Materials Bricks Chrome 3,000 840 2.2 0.087 Common 1,600 840 0.69 0.052 Fireclay 2,000 960 1 0.052 353 Heat Transfer Data TABLE A-I (Continued) p Cp k II Material (kg/nil (J/kg. 0c) (W /m . 0c) (rn2 /sec) e+ o.os Masonry 1,700 837 0.65 0.046 Concrete 2,300 880 1 0.049 Cement mortar 1,860 780 0.9 0.062 Glasses Window 2,700 800 0.84 0.039 Pyrex 2,225 835 1.4 0.D75 Plate 2,500 750 1.4 0.D75 Plaster gypsum 1,440 840 0.5 0.041 Stones Granite 2,640 800 3 0.14 Marble 2,650 1,000 2.7 0.1 Sandstone 2,200 740 2.8 0.17 Woods Fir 420 2,720 0.11 0.0096 Maple 540 2,400 0.166 0.0128 Oak 540 2,400 0.166 0.0128 Yellow pine 540 2,400 0.166 0.0128 Plywood 550 1,200 0.12 0.018 Insulating Materials Asbestos 383 816 0.113 0.036 Corkboard 160 1,900 0.043 0.014 Glass wool 40 700 0.038 0.14 Glass fiber duct liner 32 835 0.038 0.014 Glass fiber brown 16 835 0.043 0.032 Urethane 70 1,045 0.026 0.036 Vermiculite 80 835 0.068 0.01 Polystyrene (R-12) 55 1,210 0.027 0.04 Miscellaneous Materials Ice 920 2,000 2.2 0.12 Soil 2,050 1,840 0.52 0.014 Rubber, hard 1,150 2,009 0.163 0.0062 Paper 930 1,340 0.18 0.014 Diamond, Type IIa 3,500 510 2500 140 Diamond, Type lIb 3,250 510 1350 81 Silicon carbide 3,180 675 490 23 Aluminum oxide 3,970 765 39.5 1.3 Oay 1,460 880 1.3 0.1 Cotton 80 1,300 0.06 0.058 354 Appendix A TABLEA-2 Properties of Gases a !l- v 2 2 T p cp k (m /sec) (kg/m' sec) (m /sec) Name (OK) (kg/of) (J/kg· OK) (W/m· OK) (X105) (X 105) (X 105) Pr p CO2 200 2.68 759 0.0095 0.467 l.02 0.381 0.814 0.005 250 2.15 806 0.0129 0.744 1.26 0.586 0.79 0.004 300 l.79 852 0.0166 l.09 1.5 0.838 0.763 0.0033 350 1.53 897 0.0205 l.49 1.73 1.13 0.755 0.0028 400 1.34 939 0.0244 l.94 1.94 1.45 0.747 0.0025 450 1.19 979 0.0283 2.43 2.15 l.8 0.743 0.0022 500 1.07 1,017 0.0323 2.96 2.35 2.19 0.74 0.00202 600 0.894 1,077 0.0403 4.18 2.72 3.04 0.727 0.0016 700 0.767 1,126 0.0487 5.64 3.06 3.99 0.708 0.00143 800 0.671 1,169 0.056 7.14 3.39 5.05 0.708 0.00125 900 0.596 1,205 0.0621 8.65 3.89 6.19 0.716 0.00111 1,000 0.537 1,235 0.068 10.3 3.97 7.4 0.721 0.001 Argon 200 2.44 524 0.0124 0.973 l.6 0.657 0.674 0.005 250 l.95 522 0.0152 l.49 l.95 1 0.672 0.004 300 l.62 522 0.0177 2.07 2.27 l.4 0.669 0.003333 350 1.39 521 0.0201 2.78 2.57 l.85 0.666 0.002857 400 1.22 521 0.0223 3.52 2.85 2.34 0.665 0.0025 450 l.08 521 0.0244 4.33 3.12 2.88 0.665 0.002222 500 0.974 521 0.0264 5.2 3.37 3.45 0.664 0.002 600 0.812 521 0.0301 7.12 3.82 4.72 0.662 0.001666 700 0.696 521 0.0336 9.68 4.25 6.11 0.658 0.001428 800 0.609 521 0.0369 11.6 4.64 7.62 0.655 0.00125 900 0.541 521 0.0398 14.1 :i.01 9.26 0.654 0.001111 1,000 0.487 521 0.0427 16.8 5.35 11 0.652 0.001 Ammonia 200 l.04 2,199 0.0153 0.67 0.689 0.663 0.99 0.005 250 0.831 2,248 0.0197 l.05 0.853 1.03 0.973 0.004 300 0.692 2,298 0.0246 1.55 1.03 1.48 0.959 0.0033 350 0.593 2,349 0.0302 2.17 1.21 2.03 0.938 0.0028 400 0.519 2,402 0.0364 2.92 1.39 2.68 0.917 0.0025 450 0.461 2,455 0.0433 3.82 1.58 3.42 0.894 0.0022 500 0.415 2,507 0.0506 4.86 1.76 4.25 0.8,73 0.002 550 0.378 2,559 0.058 6 1.95 5.16 0.86 0.0018 600 0.346 2,611 0.0656 7.26 2.14 6.18 0.852 0.0016 700 0.297 2,710 0.0811 10.1 2.51 8.45 0.839 0.0014 800 0.26 2,810 0.0977 13.4 2.88 11.1 0.828 0.0012 900 0.231 2,907 0.1146 17.1 3.24 14 0.822 0.0011 1,000 0.208 3,001 0.1317 21.1 3.59 17.3 0.818 0.001 Air 100 3.6 1,027 0.00925 0.25 0.692 0.192 0.77 0.Dl08 150 2.37 1,010 0.0137 0.575 1.03 0.434 0.753 0.0066 200 1.77 1,003 0.0181 1.02 1.34 0.757 0.74 0.005 250 1.41 1,003 0.0223 1.57 1.61 1.14 0.724 0.004 300 1.18 1,005 0.0261 2.21 1.85 1.57 0.712 0.00333 350 1.01 1,008 0.0297 2.92 2.08 2.06 0.706 0.00286 400 0.883 1,013 0.0331 3.7 2.29 2.6 0.703 0.00251 450 0.785 1,020 0.0363 4.54 2.49 3.18 0.7 0.00225 355 Heat Transfer Data TABLE A-2 (Continued) a ,.