C Scientific report Table of contents Table of contents _____________________________________________________ 1 Table of Maps ________________________________________________________ 3 Table of Figures ______________________________________________________ 3 1. Rationale and context of the Study _____________________________________ 5 1.1. Territorial cohesion and sustainability: the overall goal _____________________ 5 1.2. Areas’ attractiveness and territorial cohesion _____________________________ 6 1.3. Islands characteristics as permanent obstacles for attractiveness _____________ 8 1.4. Islands’ policy in order to exploit islands characteristics ___________________ 15 2 Methodology ____________________________________________________ 21 2.1. Planning for primary and secondary research required to collect data and information to answer the questions of the study _____________________________ 26 2.1.1. Variables for the state of islands and data collection strategies _____________________ 26 2.1.2. Variables for the attractiveness of islands and data collection strategies: data bases and local researches on cases studies _________________________________________________ 34 2.1.3. Methodology for the Research in the Case Studies ______________________________ 42 2.1.4. Indexes for the comparison and the typology of islands: state, change and attractiveness 52 2.1.5. A typology of Islands _____________________________________________________ 58 2.2. Methods for the Islands’ Impact Assessment _____________________________ 61 2.2.1 The Approach ___________________________________________________________ 61 2.2.2. Guidelines for the ex-post impact assessment __________________________________ 63 2.3. Information System __________________________________________________ 70 2.3.1. Portal _________________________________________________________________ 70 2.3.2. Metadata Catalogue ______________________________________________________ 72 2.3.3. webGIS _______________________________________________________________ 73 2.3.4. Database _______________________________________________________________ 74 2.3.5. Omissions ______________________________________________________________ 76 2.3.6. Technical Description ____________________________________________________ 76 3. Diagnosis, Trends and Findings ______________________________________ 78 3.1. The State of European Islands _________________________________________ 80 3.1.1. Efficiency of Islands’ economy ______________________________________________ 80 3.1.2. Social equity ____________________________________________________________ 89 3.1.3. Environmental conservation_______________________________________________ 102 3.1.4. Synthesis on the State of Islands ___________________________________________ 114 3.2. Analysis of Attractiveness parameters _________________________________ 122 3.2.1. Insularity and Attractiveness ______________________________________________ 122 3.2.2. Measurement of attractiveness parameters ___________________________________ 123 3.2.3. Classification of Attractiveness factors by islanders ____________________________ 148 3.2.4. The results of the Delphi workshop _________________________________________ 152 3.2.5. Attractiveness indexes ___________________________________________________ 154 3.3. SWOT analysis and presentation of islands’ potential ____________________ 163 3.3.1. Introduction ___________________________________________________________ 163 3.3.2. Revealing Islands’ Strengths and Opportunities. _______________________________ 164 S 1 3.3.3. Using Islands’ potential (strengths and opportunities) within the European perspective _ 168 3.4. Typology of the islands ______________________________________________ 175 4. Policy Analysis and Recommendations – Options for policy development for islands ____________________________________________________________ 181 4.1 Impact of European Policies to islands (improving islands’ attractiveness) ___ 182 4.1.1. Environmental Policy ____________________________________________________ 185 4.1.2. Common Agriculture Policy (CAP) _________________________________________ 187 4.1.3. Public Interest Services: Energy and Transport ________________________________ 192 4.1.4. Human Capital Policy: ESF action – Cohesion policy ___________________________ 198 4.1.5. Entrepreneurship: Competition, Regional and R&D policy _______________________ 200 4.2 Analysis of policy options for Territorial Cohesion _______________________ 210 5. Integrated System for Monitoring Islands _____________________________ 226 6. Issues for further analytical work and research, data gaps to overcome _____ 229 7. References ______________________________________________________ 232 S 2 Table of Maps Map S1: The Study Area ......................................................................................................................... 79 Map S2: GDP per inhabitant of Member States and island regions, in PPS, 2006 ............................... 83 Map S3: GDP change % (2002-2006) for Islands states, NUTS 2 and NUTS 3 islands ........................ 84 Map S4: Change of Population 2000-2006 ............................................................................................ 91 Map S5: Population ageing (>65 years old) for Island states, NUTS 2 and NUTS 3 islands ................ 93 Map S6: Economically active population % of total population (2007) for Member states, Island states, NUTS 2 and NUTS 3 islands .................................................................................................................. 96 Map S7: Unemployment rate (total, 2008) ............................................................................................. 97 Map S8: Unemployment rate for the 15-24 age group for Member states, Island states, NUTS 2 and NUTS 3 islands ....................................................................................................................................... 98 Map S9: Women unemployment rate % for age group >15, for Member states, Island states, NUTS 2 and NUTS 3 islands ................................................................................................................................ 99 Map S10: Unemployment rate of females’ % (2008) for the 15-24 age group for Member states, Island states, NUTS 2 and NUTS 3 islands ..................................................................................................... 100 Map S11: Population Density, 2006 ..................................................................................................... 104 Map S12: Artificial land % of total land .............................................................................................. 105 Map S13: State index for Island-states, NUTS 2 and NUTS 3 islands ................................................. 118 Map S14: Accessibility of European Islands (ESPON Multimodal Accessibility index - 2001) ........... 127 Map S16: Urban Dynamics: MEGA & FUA functions’ importance (2001) ........................................ 138 Map S17: Attractiveness Direct Index for Island-states, NUTS 2 and NUTS 3 islands concerning accessibility and urban dynamism ........................................................................................................ 161 Map S18: Attractiveness Assets Index for Island-states, NUTS 2 and NUTS 3 islands concerning Educational level, R&D, broadband access and use of Internet .......................................................... 162 Table of Figures Figure S1.1: Conceptual framework for analyzing islands .................................................................... 18 Figure S2.1: The methodological framework of the research ................................................................ 50 Figure S2.3. Basic methodological approach for Policy proposals ....................................................... 63 Figure S2.3: Causal link between a policy measure, output, result and impact ..................................... 69 Figure S3.1.2: Land Cover of (a) Malta and (b) Gozo ......................................................................... 107 Figure S3.1.3: Land Cover of (a) Mallorca and (b) Lipari .................................................................. 108 Figure S3.1.4: Land Cover of (a) Kalymnos and (b) Lipsi ................................................................... 109 Figure S3.1.5: Land Cover of (a) Kokar and (b) Samso ...................................................................... 109 Figure S3.1.6: Land Cover of (a) Sardegna and (b) Saarema ............................................................. 110 Figure S3.2.1: Accessibility of European Islands (EURISLES) – virtual distances of the islands from the centre of the EU .............................................................................................................................. 128 Graph S2.3.1: Proportion of the population aged 25-64 years by educational level (2005) ............... 142 Graphs S3.2.3. Correlations between State and Attractiveness .......................................................... 160 Figure S4.1.1: Causal link between a policy measure, output, result and impact ................................ 183 Figure S4.1.2 Sector policies results and territorial cohesion ............................................................. 184 Figure S4.2.1. Schematic presentation of islands’ classification ......................................................... 225 S 3 Following to EUROISLANDS’