DIEECTOEY OF JEWISH OEGANIZATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES The inquiry resulting in the two Directories in this issue of the AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, the Directory of Jew- ish National Organizations and the Directory of Jewish Local Organizations, in the United States, extended over a period of six months, from January 15 to July 15, of this year (1907). This explains why in some cases the officers given are not the last elected. Changes in local organizations occur so rapidly that names of presidents and secretaries furnished on the last of the dates mentioned may no longer be correct when this book leaves the press. The branches of the National Organizations, where such are enumerated, were obtained direct from the headquarters of the central body. In the Local Directory, every organi- zation, unless it responded to the first request for data, was addressed twice with a circular letter enclosing blanks (ques- tionnaires). Some were addressed oftener, first through one and then another of their officers. In upward of forty of the larger cities, canvassing agents were employed. In many others the interest of prominent persons was enlisted, and their assistance was accorded the Editor to a generous degree. In spite of these various efforts to obtain guaranteed reports, to which must be added a mass of personal correspondence with individuals in all parts of the country, it proved im- possible to secure official data in all instances. Indirect in- formation, taken from newspaper accounts or other second- ary sources, that is, derived in any way except from some one 22 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK presumably authorized to speak for a given organization, is marked with an asterisk (*). The Directory of National Organizations is arranged alphabetically by the names of the Organizations, and the branches of each alphabetically by towns. The Directory of Local Organizations is alphabetic by States, and in each State the arrangement is alphabetic by towns. The organiza- tions of a town are grouped alphabetically under the follow- ing headings: I. CONGREGATIONS; II. CHARITIES; III. MUTUAL BENEFIT SOCIETIES (Sick and Death Benefit So- cieties, KranJcen Unterstiitzungsvereine); TV. EDUCATIONAL SOCIETIES ; V. Miscellaneous Organizations: LITERARY, MUSI- CAL, SOCIAL, CIVIC, ATHLETIC, AND MILITARY CLUBS, COM- MUNAL ORGANIZATIONS, and LABOR UNIONS ; VI. CEMETER- IES. Under New York City three additional headings will be -found: COMMUNAL EELIGIOUS SOCIETIES ; COMMUNAL FED- ERATIONS, and COMMUNAL BUILDINGS. It is important to note, however, that the divisions over- lap each other to an extent defying classification and analy- sis. The Congregations are often Mutual Benefit Socie- ties, especially in New York City; or Free Loan Societies (Gemilat Hasodim) are attached to them, as particularly in Chicago; or they have Sick Benefit (Bikur Holim), Burial Society (Hebra Kadisha), or Friendly Inn (Haknosat Orhim) features; or they do educational work, not only in their religious schools, Sabbath schools, and Talmud Torahs, but also through industrial classes, immigrant classes in English, and Hebrot of various sorts, Hebra Shas (for the study of Talmud), Hebra Mishnayat (for the study of the Mishnah), or Hebra Tehillim (for the study of the Psalms), etc. Again, the charities are largely educational in charac- JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS 23 ter, as, for instance, the Sisterhoods maintaining Kinder- gartens and classes of all sorts, not to mention the Orphan Asylums. There are clubs, too, like many of the Young Men's Hebrew Associations, that are educational and, in so far as they form neighborhood centres, charitable in their purposes and achievements. The transliteration of the names of organizations, from the Hebrew, German, Eussian, Polish, and other languages, is in the main that of the society furnishing the informa- tion. But to render the Directory of New York City in particular easily available, the cultural and historical pur- poses subserved by this scheme of transliterations had to yield to the reference purposes, and a slight modification of the rule in the direction of uniformity had to be adopted where names are duplicated and multiplied in varying or- thographies. For instance Bene, Bne, B'ne, Benai, Bnai, B'nai, and Bnee, all appear as Bene, though when it was known that a congregation or society had a seal or an official designation, its own orthography was joined in parentheses to the other. SHAAEB TEFILLAH is spelled according to the system adopted in the book; SHAARAY TEFILA is the form used by one congregation, and it appears in parentheses. In New York, too, a rather extensive system of cross- references had to be made use of, to facilitate the finding of organizations known under two names, by their formal He- brew name, or by the name of the town in Europe from which the majority of their members hail. All descriptive additions prefixed to the names of congre- gations, as the word Congregation itself, Temple, Hebra, or Kahal Kadosh, with its abbreviations and variations, etc., are placed after the name proper. 24 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK Hebra Kadisha as the name of a society for burial pur- poses appears under Hebra (or Chebrah, etc.). The population data are based upon estimates made by many of those who filled out questionnaires regarding organi- zations in behalf of which they had been addressed. When the estimates for a given place varied, the position of the correspondents in their communities determined the choice. DIRECTORY OF JEWISH NATIONAL ORGANIZA- TIONS IN THE UNITED STATES [An asterisk (*) indicates that no response was received] ALLIANCE ISRAELITE UNIVERSELLE Headquarters : 150 Nassau, New York City Org. May, 1860 BRANCHES IN THE UNITED STATES BALTIMORE, MD. Pres., Harry Frledenwald; Treas., William Levy; Sec, B. H. Harto- gensis, 641 Equitable Bldg. Remits $300 annually to Paris. BOSTON, MASS. No. 1. Pres., David A. Ellis; Treas., Nathan Waxman; Sec, Philip Rubensteln, 30 Court. Remits $300 annually to Paris. Active in agitation against restriction of immigration. No. 2. Pres., J. B. Reinherz; Treas., M. J. Cohen ; Sec, S. B. Freidson, 11 Cotting. Remits $100 annually to Paris. ELMIRA, N. Y. Pres., Benjamin F. Levy, 124 Lake; Treas., Theodore Lande; Sec, Joseph Lande. Remits $50 annually to Paris. H0B0KEN, N. J. Pres., A. C. Fisher, 11th and Clinton ; Treas., Samuel Bloomberg, 409 First; Sec, Andrew Vogel, 316 Second. JERSEY CITY, N. J. Pres., Ignatz Heyman; Treas., S. Kleinhaus; Sec, B. S. Pollak, 241 Grove. NEW YORK CITY Pres., Kaufman Mandell; Treas., A. S. Solomons ; Sec, H.. J. Brodsky, 150 Nassau. Active in agitation against restriction of immigration. PHILADELPHIA, PA. Pres., David Sulzberger; Treas., Jacob I. Burnstine; Sec, Edward I. Nathan, 468 Franklin. WORCESTER, MASS. Pres., Barnett Wolkowich, 193 Front; Treas., Samuel Morill; Sec, Mar Feiga. THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 35 AMERICAN FEDERATION OP THE JEWISH TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION (ITO) Headquarters : New York City Org. April, 1906 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE : Chairman, Cyrus L. Sulzberger, 516 West End Av., New York City; Sec. Goodman Lipkind, New York City; Daniel Guggenheim, Louis Loeb, Bernard G. Richards, Herman Rosenthal, all of New York City; Solomon Soils Cohen, Mayer Sulzberger, both of Philadelphia, Pa. BRANCHES BALTIMORE, MS. NEW YORK CITY PHILADELPHIA, PA. THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE Headquarters: 356 Second Av., New York City Org. Nov. 11, 1906 Members, 60. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OFFICERS : Pres., Mayer Sulzberger; Vice-Pres. : Julian W. Mack; Isidore Newman ; Treas., Ellas Michael. DIRECTORS : Cyrus Adler, Harry Cutler, Emil G. Hirsch, E. W. Lewin- Epstein, Morris Loeb, J. Leon Magnes, Louis Marshall, Cyrus Sulzberger, Jacob Voorsanger. SECRETARY : Herbert Friedenwald. DISTRICT I Georgia, Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina Moses H. Cone, Greensboro, N. C. Montague Trlest, 43 Broad, Charleston, S. C. DISTRICT II Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee Jacques Loeb, Montgomery, Ala. Nathan Cohn, 54 Vanderbilt Bldg., Nashville, Tenn. DISTRICT III Arizona, Louisiana, New Mexico, Texas Isidore Newman, 3607 St. Charles Av., New Orleans, La. Isaac H. Kempner, Galveston, Tex. DISTRICT IV Arkansas, Colorado, Kansas, Missouri Elias Michael, 1000 Washington Av., St. Louis, Mo. DISTRICT V California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington M. C. Sloss, 3444 Washington, San Francisco, Cal. Jacob Voorsanger, San Francisco, Cal. Sigmund Sichel, 92 3d, Portland, Ore. DISTRICT VI Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin, Wyoming Henry M. Butzel, 511 Union Trust Bldg., Detroit, Mich. Ambrose Guiterman, 350 Sibley, St. Paul, Minn. Victor Rosewater, Omaha, Neb. Isaac D. Adler, 175 Prospect Av., Milwaukee, Wis. 26 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK DISTRICT VII Illinois B. G. Foreman, 145 La Salle, Chicago. Emll G. Hirsch, 3612 Grand Boulevard, Chicago. B. Horwich, 371 S. Canal, Chicago. Julian W. Mack, 434 Monadnoek Bldg., Chicago. Julius Kosenwald, care of Sears-Roebuck Co., Chicago. Joseph Stolz, 4827 Langley Av., Chicago. Samuel Woolner, 317 Perry, Peoria. DISTRICT VIII Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, West Virginia Isaac W. Bernheim, Louisville, Ky. Louis Newberger, Columbia Club, Indianapolis, Ind. David Philipson, Beechwood Av., Rose Hill, Cincinnati, O. DISTRICT IX New Jersey, Pennsylvania Louis Hood, Prudential Bldg., Newark, N. J. Isaac W. Frank, 5601 Irwln Av., Pittsburg, Pa. B. L. Levinthal, 716 Pine, Philadelphia, Pa. M. Rosenbaum, 609 S. 3d, Philadelphia, Pa. Isador Sobel, 806 State, Erie, Pa. Mayer Sulzberger, 1303 Girard Av.,