Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems E-ISSN: 1870-0462 [email protected] Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán México Islas Pelcastre, Margarita; Villagómez Ibarra, José Roberto; Madariaga Navarrete, Alfredo; Castro Rosas, Javier; González Ramirez, César Abelardo; Acevedo Sandoval, Otilio Arturo BIOREMEDIATION PERSPECTIVES USING AUTOCHTHONOUS SPECIES OF Trichoderma sp. FOR DEGRADATION OF ATRAZINE IN AGRICULTURAL SOIL FROM THE TULANCINGO VALLEY, HIDALGO, MEXICO Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, vol. 16, núm. 2, 2013, pp. 265-276 Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Mérida, Yucatán, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=93928324012 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 16 (2013): 265 - 276 BIOREMEDIATION PERSPECTIVES USING AUTOCHTHONOUS SPECIES OF Trichoderma sp. FOR DEGRADATION OF ATRAZINE IN AGRICULTURAL SOIL FROM THE TULANCINGO VALLEY, HIDALGO, MEXICO [PERSPECTIVAS DE BIORREMEDIACIÓN CON Trichoderma sp. NATIVO PARA DEGRADAR ATRAZINA EN SUELO AGRÍCOLA DEL VALLE DE TULANCINGO HIDALGO, MÉXICO] Margarita Islas Pelcastre1,2, José Roberto Villagómez Ibarra.1*, Alfredo Madariaga Navarrete.3, Javier Castro Rosas1, César Abelardo González Ramirez.1 and Otilio Arturo Acevedo Sandoval2 1 Academic Area of Chemistry, Institute of Basic Science and Engineering, Hidalgo State University. City of Knowledge, Pachuca - Tulancingo highway Km 4.5. C. P. 42184. Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, Mexico. Phone: 771 71 7200 0 ext: 2461 and 2902. * E-mail: [email protected] 2 Engineering Academic Area of Agribusiness and Food Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Hidalgo State University. Km 1 University Avenue, Ex- Hacienda of Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo, Hidalgo 3 Division of Professional studies. Monterrey Tech Institute, Hidalgo Campus. Felipe Angeles Boulevard No. 2003, Pachuca, Hidalgo E-Mail: [email protected],2, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. * Corresponding author SUMMARY RESUMEN The objective of this study was to show an in vitro El objetivo del trabajo fue exponer una metodología bioremediation methodology for atrazine- in vitro para biorremediación, de suelos contaminados contaminated soils through the use of local strains of con atrazina, empleando cepas de géneros fúngicos native fungi isolated from the Phaseolus vulgaris L nativos aislados de la rizósfera del Phaseolus vulgaris rhizosphere present in cultivable soils as well as to L en suelos agrícolas, se evaluó su resistencia y evaluate its resistance and capacity for atrazine capacidad para degradar atrazina. Se identificó el degradation. A Trichoderma sp. species was género Trichoderma sp. nativo en tres suelos de la identified in three cultivable soils from the región de Tulancingo, Hidalgo, México Tulancingo Hidalgo, México region (contaminated (contaminados con y sin aplicación de atrazina). with and without atrazine), which resisted atrazine Trichoderma sp. resistió concentraciones de 10,000 concentrations of 10,000 mg L-1. Tests showed that mg L-1 del agroquímico. En los ensayos, la cepa the strain grows exponentially in atrazine- creció paulatinamente en suelo contaminado con contaminated soil over a range of 105-106 CFU g-1 in atrazina, alcanzando intervalos de 105-106 UFC g-1 en 15 days using atrazine as the only carbon and 15 días utilizando al herbicida como única fuente de nitrogen source, while the control and witress showed carbono y nitrógeno, mientras que el testigo y control a decrease of 100-103 UFC g-1 in the same period of presentaron disminución de 100-103 UFC g-1 en el time. For the atrazine degradation experiments, a mismo tiempo. Para la degradación de atrazina se treatment of the application of Trichoderma (104 - 105 empleó un tratamiento con aplicación de Trichoderma CFU mL-1) was applied to sterilized and non- (104 - 105 UFC mL-1) a suelo estéril y no estéril, sterilized soil contaminated with 500 mg Kg-1 of contaminado con 500 mg Kg-1 de atrazina, evaluados atrazine, evaluated at four time intervals (5, 10, 20 a cuatro tiempos (5, 10, 20 y 40 días). Se encontraron and 40 days). Statistical differences were found diferencias estadísticas (α=0.050, Tukey) entre los (α=0.050, Tukey) among treatments with the fungi tratamientos con el hongo y los días del ensayo. La and the test days. The native Trichoderma strain cepa de Trichoderma sp. nativa degradó 89% de degraded 89% of the atrazine in 40 days. It showed atrazina en 40 días. Mostró ser viable y cultivable en that it is viable and cultivable in soil bioremediation. remediación de suelos. Keywords: Trichoderma; native; biodegradation; Palabras clave: Trichoderma; autóctono; herbicide. biodegradación; herbicida. 265 Islas-Pelcastre et al., 2013 INTRODUCTION populations present in the same soil where they are intended to act. In this regard, Robinson (1996), Pesticides can be a source of contamination for their reports that in systems with wild populations of use in agricultural practices. Improper handling and microorganisms, degradation processes are the persistence of some of them have caused negative ecologically more adaptable, there is more population impacts to soil, water, groundwater and even food, diversity, genetic flexibility, metabolic and which can potentially cause damage to the rhizosphere interactions and horizontal resistance. environment and human health since these substances Thus, specific groups of microorganisms (single can bioaccumulate and biomagnify in living strain or consortia) with herbicide degradation are organisms or even arrive by diffusion and / or isolated, identified, their potential evaluated, advection at different trophic levels (Madigan et al., produced and returned to the soil in specific crops so 2006; Cooper et al., 2007). that the bioremediation could represent the best mechanism for the removal of atrazine in soil In 2006, the atrazine herbicide was the most widely (Barriuso et al., 2008). applied herbicide worldwide (29-34 million kg of active ingredient per year) in agricultural soils (Joo et There are fungi and bacteria that exhibit the ability to al., 2010). In Mexico, 1-2 kg of the active ingredient transform the atrazine molecule through alkylation per hectare of this pesticide was applied in 1995, and chlorination reactions, leading to various occupying the third place nationally (12.8%) of degradation products such as Hydroxyatrazine (HA), herbicides, with a clear tendency to increase its use in Desethylatrazine (DEA) and Desisopropylatrazine a rate of 10% annually (INE, 2007). Although in the DIA (Govantes et al., 2009). However, country there is no official record of atrazine use, it is microorganisms have also been isolated with the estimated that in only the central part of the country ability to completely mineralize this molecule (Lima 376, 561 hectares of maize and sorghum the were et al., 2009). treated (Bayer, 2009). Atrazine degradation may be carried out by isolated Atrazine (C8 H14 ClN5) is a pre-emergent herbicide species or microbial consortia (Gopinath and Sims, with the systemic action of inhibiting photosynthesis 2011; Ma et al., 2011; Sene et al., 2010; Govantes et considered toxic in the short and medium term, and it al., 2009). For this, the microorganisms are used in is not easily degraded. Some research shows that this processes such as: bioaugmentation (inoculation of product causes serious environmental changes, can microorganisms), phytoremediation (using plants) act as endocrine breaker (DE), affecting reproductive and rizodegradation (remediation plant-microbe function in vertebrates, and cause teratogenic effects association at root level). It has been reported that in humans (Cooper et al., 2007; Raymundo et al., atrazine can be degraded by various genera of 2009). It has been classified by the Environmental bacteria such as Pseudomonas sp. (Monard et al., Protection Agency (EPA) as a restricted-use pesticide 2008), Bacillus sp. (Getenga et al., 2009), Serrantia and classified in group C as a possible carcinogen sp. (So and Kyung, 2009), Rhizobium sp. (Chaudhary (EPA, 2006). et al., 2011; Abou-Shanab et al., 2006), Flavobacterium and Variovorax oryzihabitans For the persistency and negative effects that it may paradoxus (Belimov et al., 2005), as well as fungal cause, atrazine (ATZ) is on the list of toxic substances genera, among which are: Aspergillus (Gopi et al. as a candidate to be prohibited or have its use 2012; Bajwa et al., 2010), Rhizopus (Gopi et al., minimized worldwide (UNEP, 2001). However, in 2012), Fusarium moniliforme (Bajwa et al., 2010), Mexico, to date no regulations exist that limit or Penicillium (Gopi et al., 2012; Bajwa et al., 2010) restrict its application. That is why it is necessary to and Trichoderma (Smith et al., 2005; Davidchik et find alternatives to eliminate its effects on the al., 2008; Quinto et al., 2008; Sene et al., 2010). ecosystems. One alternative is bioremediation. This process incorporates biological organisms such as Trichoderma is an antagonist genera that can be microorganisms (mainly bacteria and fungi) to the found in the rhizosphere, where it competes with contaminated environment to induce and accelerate other microorganisms for nutrients and space. Some the biodegradation process (Gopinath