Geoheritage CERRO MACHIN VOLCANO (CMV), COLOMBIA: IMPLICATIONS AS GEOHERITAGE - CULTURAL LANDSCAPE --Manuscript Draft-- Manuscript Number: GEOH-D-19-00034 Full Title: CERRO MACHIN VOLCANO (CMV), COLOMBIA: IMPLICATIONS AS GEOHERITAGE - CULTURAL LANDSCAPE Article Type: Original Article Corresponding Author: CESAR VELANDIA, Ph.D. Universidad de Ibague Ibague, Tolima COLOMBIA Corresponding Author Secondary Information: Corresponding Author's Institution: Universidad de Ibague Corresponding Author's Secondary Institution: First Author: CESAR VELANDIA, Ph.D. First Author Secondary Information: Order of Authors: CESAR VELANDIA, Ph.D. Eduardo Peñaloza Kairuz, Magister Order of Authors Secondary Information: Funding Information: Abstract: The article seeks to position Cerro Machin Volcano (CMV) geosite in the context of Del Ruiz Volcanic Geopark project and its implications as a geoheritage. The research also intends to develop knowledge about risk threats of CMV. This implies a scale of methodological and theoretical approach from geographical interpretation. On the one hand, it is about the pertinence of the geographical reflection on the risk-threat-heritage phenomenon, through a certain management conditioned by impacts at different regional levels. And to the other, it develops understanding of geoheritage as cultural landscape or viceversa. As result, research shapes state of the art of CMV within the framework of cultural landscapes since indigenous people developed an understanding of geography by setting living, funeral and agricultural spaces, broad communication systems of paths across cordilleras. Proposal sets cultural landscape is articulated with geological heritage and volcanological features integrated as complementary knowledge. This is relevant to raise them, due to its exceptional natural and cultural values, to a level of conservation for social appropriation and sustainable development. Suggested Reviewers: Leonel Vega, Ph.D Director, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Direccion de Investigacion [email protected] Cerro Machin Volcano specialist- researcher Powered by Editorial Manager® and ProduXion Manager® from Aries Systems Corporation Title Page Click here to access/download;Manuscript;Title Page.docx Click here to view linked References 1 2 3 4 CERRO MACHIN VOLCANO (CMV), COLOMBIA: IMPLICATIONS AS GEOHERITAGE - 5 CULTURAL LANDSCAPE 6 7 César Augusto Velandia Silvaa Eduardo Peñaloza Kairuzb 8 9 10 11 a 12 Researcher. Universidad de Ibagué. Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia. Director of Rastro Urbano 13 research group. 14 15 Address: Carrera 22 Calle 67, Ibagué, Tolima 730001, Colombia. 16 E-mail: [email protected] 17 Mobile: +57 3153353542 18 ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0187-6488 19 20 b Researcher. Universidad de Ibagué. Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia. 21 22 23 Address: Carrera 22 Calle 67, Ibagué, Tolima 730001, Colombia. 24 E-mail: [email protected] 25 Mobile: +57 3127593122 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 Manuscript Click here to access/download;Manuscript;CMV implications Text.docx Click here to view linked References 1 2 3 4 CERRO MACHIN VOLCANO (CMV), COLOMBIA: IMPLICATIONS AS GEOHERITAGE - 5 CULTURAL LANDSCAPE 6 7 8 9 10 11 Abstract 12 13 The article seeks to position Cerro Machin Volcano (CMV) geosite in the context of Del Ruiz Volcanic Geopark 14 project and its implications as a geoheritage. The research also intends to develop knowledge about risk threats of 15 CMV. This implies a scale of methodological and theoretical approach from geographical interpretation. On the one 16 hand, it is about the pertinence of the geographical reflection on the risk-threat-heritage phenomenon, through a 17 18 certain management conditioned by impacts at different regional levels. And to the other, it develops understanding 19 of geoheritage as cultural landscape or viceversa. 20 21 As result, research shapes state of the art of CMV within the framework of cultural landscapes since indigenous 22 people developed an understanding of geography by setting living, funeral and agricultural spaces, broad 23 communication systems of paths across cordilleras. Proposal sets cultural landscape is articulated with geological 24 25 heritage and volcanological features integrated as complementary knowledge. This is relevant to raise them, due to 26 its exceptional natural and cultural values, to a level of conservation for social appropriation and sustainable 27 development. 28 29 Keywords 30 Del Ruiz Volcanic Geopark, Geoheritage Cultural Landscape, Cerro Machin Volcano geosite, volcanic threat 31 32 33 34 Introduction 35 36 Recently proposed by Colombian Geological Survey (SGC), Del Ruiz Volcanic Geopark (DRVG) and Machin- 37 Cerro Bravo Volcanic Complex are located on Central Cordillera in Colombia and inscribed into a wide 38 environmental management of Colombia’s Coffee Ecoregion area. The complex belongs also to Los Nevados 39 National Natural Park (LNNP). Its volcanic threat is related to five active volcanoes: Nevado del Ruiz Volcano 40 41 (NRV), Nevado de Santa Isabel Volcano, Cerro Machin Volcano (CMV), Cerro Bravo Volcano (CBV) and Nevado 42 del Tolima Volcano (NTV) (Villegas 2003). Of the above, NRV and CMV are the most active. Their behavior 43 shows different fluctuations in the release of seismic energy and other geophysical, geodetic and geochemical 44 parameters since 2007 approximately1. A regional geological setting places CMV in The San Diego - Cerro Machín 45 Volcano Tectonic Province (SCVTP) (Murcia et al 2018). 46 47 48 Caracterised for a high explosivity (VEI 5), CMV has been case of research studies (Brown et al 2015; Calvo, 49 50 Piñeros 2013; Cano, López 2017; Cárdenas, Pulido 2012; Henao 2014; INGEOMINAS 2002, 2003; Laeger et al 51 2013; Loughlin et al 2015; Macías et al 2005, 2008; Murcia et al 2010, 2018; Núñez et al 2001; Obando et al 2003; 52 Ordoñez et al 2015; Piedrahita et al 2018; Rueda et al 2004; Sánchez, Calvache 2018; SGC 2012; Vargas et al 2005; 53 Vega 2009, 2013, 2013a). Due the above, identifying Cerro Machin Volcano (CMV) geosite in the context of 54 DRVG project it is required to determine its implications as a geoheritage, having into account preexisting cultural 55 56 57 58 1 59 Colombian Geological Survey. Volcanological and Seismological Observatory of Manizales. Activity Report of the Cerro Bravo-Cerro Machín Volcanic Complex. January. 2012. Manizales. 60 1 61 62 63 64 65 1 2 3 4 landscape values and additionally, its advantages to bring scientific research and sustainable activities to educational 5 and appropriation enforcement by communities not only locals but along the region and visitors around the world. 6 7 8 Coffee Ecoregion is more known for NRV eruption disaster of 1985 (Cano, López 2017; Duque 2010, 2013; Herd 9 1986; IDEAM 2012; Londoño et al 1998; Mileti et al 1991; National Geographic Society 1986; Nelson 2016; 10 Sigurdsson, Carey 1986; Sigurdsson 1999; Voight 1990). Coffee Ecoregion understanding explains how landscape 11 is configured and linked with volcanic system of Central Cordillera in Colombian Andes, concentrated mostly in 12 Los Nevados National Natural Park (LNNP) (Villegas 2003) in whose western foothills is located the Coffee 13 2 14 Cultural Landscape of Colombia (CCLC) inscribed in World Heritage List . Fundamentally, CCLC characterises 15 Colombian culture, and it means a significant portion of altitudinal territory between 1.000 and 2.000 m.a.s.l. on 16 which strong cultural manifestations are represented. As a result of an activity of more than 12,000 years ago (Cano, 17 López, 2017), ecoregion volcanism explains late conformation of very fertile soils related to thermal floors structure. 18 Geoforms and equatorial zone location made possible coffee cultivation since its introduction a hundred years ago in 19 South America transforming a famous and unique landscape for producing at some stage of the 20th century, the 20 21 best mild coffee in the world. 22 23 Coffee Ecoregion is characterised for being a territory with priority ecological units for generation and regulation of 24 water. Priority ecosystems such as paramos and sub-paramos represents an enormous water potential represented by 25 38 large basins, 111 supply micro-basins, lakes, lagoons, dams and groundwater. It is important to visualise 26 dimension heights variability of volcanic complex in Central Cordillera. For example, CMV geosite is lower (2.600 27 m.a.s.l.) and frames as a transitional volcanic ring between lowlands and highlands, contrary to NRV, located in 28 highlands (5.400 m.a.s.l.). 29 30 31 32 33 CCLC and Coffee Ecoregion are a sample of a bigger landscape that embraces Colombian cultural identity. It is 34 featured by cultivation of coffee micro-crops on steep slopes. Its biodiversity is combined with the physiography of 35 valleys from gentle slopes up to glaciers and volcanoes on the summits of mountain ranges, crossed by native forests 36 and biological corridors which are considered strategic for the conservation of the world's biodiversity. Ecoregion 37 covers an area of 28,563 square kilometers and a population of 4.1 million inhabitants. Ecological structure is 38 composed by ecosystems of basins, slopes and plains; snowed highlands, paramos, volcanoes, coffee ecosystems, 39 40 agricultural production by multi cropping and urban corridors (CARDER 2002). 41 42 43 44 Map 1. Location of the Study Area, the Colombian Massif and the Central Cordillera 45 46 Source: