University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health - Honours Theses University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2016 Extracting Complex Structural Geological Data from Outcrops Using Photogrammetry : Case Studies from Ladakh, Himalaya and the South Coast, NSW Jacob Noblett Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/thsci University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. 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Recommended Citation Noblett, Jacob, Extracting Complex Structural Geological Data from Outcrops Using Photogrammetry : Case Studies from Ladakh, Himalaya and the South Coast, NSW, BSci Hons, School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, 2016. https://ro.uow.edu.au/thsci/122 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Extracting Complex Structural Geological Data from Outcrops Using Photogrammetry : Case Studies from Ladakh, Himalaya and the South Coast, NSW Abstract Rendering high-definition 3D models is becoming a commonly equestedr task for scientific simulation, visualization and computer graphics. Many research areas generate extremely complex 3D models, such as industrial CAD models (e.g. airplanes, ships and architectures), composed of more than hundreds of millions of geometric primitives. However, these complex datasets cannot be rendered efficiently using brute-force methods on a desktop workstation. Desktop computer technology has recently reached a point where it has advanced sufficientlyo t calculate and process a number of photographs of an object from different perspectives to produce an accurate three-dimensional (3D) high-definition digital model. This project explores the potential applications of 3D digital models in terms of extracting complex geological data. Different methods of data acquisition and the scale of outcrops are compared between difficulto t access rock outcrops in a remote High Himalayan region of Photoksar, Ladakh to more accessible, low lying coastal areas on the NSW South Coast at Bingie Bingie Point, Narooma, Wolumla and Eden. Archaeological sites and ultra-high resolution aerial photographs are also applied to the methods outlined. The application of photogrammetry at each site is assessed and compared to determine the benefit of it is applicable in any or all regions. The methods are assessed for efficiency, convenience and relevance of extracting complex structural geological data with emphasis on developing the highest quality digital 3D models possible. Any data extracted is tested for accuracy by comparing it with structural geological measurements obtained on the field by traditional methods using the trusted Field Move mobile application as a compass and clinometer equivalent. The results aim to provide a reliable and informative source of information outlining the methods used, what equipment is needed and what information can be extracted. Degree Type Thesis Degree Name BSci Hons Department School of Earth & Environmental Sciences Advisor(s) Solomon Buckman Keywords Photogrammetry, Unmanned Aerial vehicle, rendering This thesis is available at Research Online: https://ro.uow.edu.au/thsci/122 Extracting Complex Structural Geological Data from Outcrops Using Photogrammetry: Case Studies from Ladakh, Himalaya and the South Coast, NSW By Jacob Noblett A thesis submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements of the Honours degree of Bachelor of Science in the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Wollongong, 2015 Abstract Rendering high-definition 3D models is becoming a commonly requested task for scientific simulation, visualization and computer graphics. Many research areas generate extremely complex 3D models, such as industrial CAD models (e.g. airplanes, ships and architectures), composed of more than hundreds of millions of geometric primitives. However, these complex datasets cannot be rendered efficiently using brute-force methods on a desktop workstation. Desktop computer technology has recently reached a point where it has advanced sufficiently to calculate and process a number of photographs of an object from different perspectives to produce an accurate three-dimensional (3D) high-definition digital model. This project explores the potential applications of 3D digital models in terms of extracting complex geological data. Different methods of data acquisition and the scale of outcrops are compared between difficult to access rock outcrops in a remote High Himalayan region of Photoksar, Ladakh to more accessible, low lying coastal areas on the NSW South Coast at Bingie Bingie Point, Narooma, Wolumla and Eden. Archaeological sites and ultra-high resolution aerial photographs are also applied to the methods outlined. The application of photogrammetry at each site is assessed and compared to determine the benefit of it is applicable in any or all regions. The methods are assessed for efficiency, convenience and relevance of extracting complex structural geological data with emphasis on developing the highest quality digital 3D models possible. Any data extracted is tested for accuracy by comparing it with structural geological measurements obtained on the field by traditional methods using the trusted Field Move mobile application as a compass and clinometer equivalent. The results aim to provide a reliable and informative source of information outlining the methods used, what equipment is needed and what information can be extracted. i Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr Solomon Buckman for the opportunity to work on this project and extensive fieldwork in Himalayas. Your guidance and help, constructive feedbacks and expertise are greatly appreciated, thank you. Sincere thank you is also dedicated to Associate Professor Brian G. Jones for guidance and help throughout the year, your comments and opportunities to further broaden this project are greatly appreciated. I would also like to thank Dr Gert van den Bergh and Dr Alex MacKay for supplying site images and research materials that were used in this project, your help, involvement and comments allowed to broaden this project, thank you. Sincere thank you goes to my loving family and friends who have put up with me and always supported me when I needed help, thank you! ii Table of Contents 1 Chapter 1 - Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Aims and Objectives ........................................................................................................ 4 2 Chapter 2 - Literature Review Photogrammetry .................................................................. 6 2.1 3D Digital Models ................................................................................................................ 7 2.2 History of Photogrammetry ................................................................................................ 9 2.2.1 First Generation ........................................................................................................ 11 2.2.2 Analog Photogrammetry ........................................................................................... 11 2.2.3 Analytical Photogrammetry ...................................................................................... 11 2.2.4 Digital Photogrammetry ............................................................................................ 12 3 Chapter 3 - Methodology Creating 3D Models .................................................................... 13 3.1 Digital Photogrammetry .................................................................................................... 13 3.1.1 Phase 1- Reconnaissance .......................................................................................... 15 3.1.1.2 Field equipment .................................................................................................... 16 The equipment used in this project is outlined below. .......................................................... 16 3.1.2 Phase 2 - Photography .............................................................................................. 17 3.1.3 Phase 3 – Photoshop ................................................................................................