Bullinger: Figures of Speech Used in the Bible Page 1 of 7 Figures of Speech Used in the Bible E.W. Bullinger London, 1898 What follows is a hypertext outline of Bullinger's important reference work. The links lead to full entries in the Silva Rhetoricae for each of the figures discussed. Summary of Classification 1. Figures Involving Omission ¡ Affecting words ¡ Affecting the sense 2. Figures Involving Addition ¡ Affecting words ¡ Affecting the sense, by way of n Repetition n Amplification n Description n Conclusion n Interposition n Reasoning l Figures Involving Change l Affecting the meaning and usage of words l Affecting the order and arrangement of words l Affecting the application of words, as to ¡ Sense ¡ Persons ¡ Subject-matter ¡ Time ¡ Feeling ¡ Reasoning Analytical Table of Contents Figures Involving Omission 1. AFFECTING WORDS ¡ ELLIPSIS ¡ ZEUGMA: or, Unequal Yoke. 1. PROTOZEUGMA: or, Ante-yoke (INJUNCTUM) 2. MESOZEUGMA: or, Middle-yoke (CONJUNCTUM) http://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/bullinge.htm 09/12/1999 Bullinger: Figures of Speech Used in the Bible Page 2 of 7 3. HYPOZEUGMA: or, End-yoke 4. SYNEZEUGMENON: or, Connected-yoke (ADJUNCTUM) ¡ ASYNDETON: or, No-Ands. ¡ APHAERESIS: or, Front-Cut. ¡ APOCOPE: or, End-Cut. 2. AFFECTING THE SENSE. ¡ APOSIOPESIS: or, Sudden Silence ¡ MEIOSIS: or, a Be-littleing. ¡ TAPEINOSIS: or, Demeaning. ¡ CATABASIS ¡ SYLLOGISMUS: or, Omission of the Conclusion ¡ ENTHYMEMA: or, Omission of the Premiss Figures Involving Addition 1. Affecting Words 1. Repetition of Letters and Syllables n HOMOEOPROPHERON: or Alliteration. n HOMOEOTELEUTON: or, Like Endings. n HOMOEOPTOTON: or, Like Inflections. n PAROMOEOSIS: or, Like-Sounding Inflections. n ACROSTICHION: or, Acrostic. 2. The Repetition of the Same Word n EPIZEUXIS: or, Duplication. n ANAPHORA: or, Like-Sentence Beginnings. n EPANALEPSIS: or, Resumption. n POLYSYNDETON: or, Many-Ands. n PARADIASTOLE: Neithers and Nors. n EPISTROPHE: or, Like Sentence-Endings. n EPIPHOZA: or, Epistrophe in Argument n EPANADIPLOSIS: or, Encircling. n EPADIPLOSIS: or, Repeated Epanadiplosis n ANADIPLOSIS: or, Like Sentence-Endings and Beginnings. n CLIMAX: or, Gradation. n MESARCHIA: or, Beginning and Middle Repetition. n MESODIPLOSIS: or, Middle Repetition. n MESOTELEUTON: or, Middle and End Repetition. n REPETITIO: or, Repetition. n POLYPTOTON: or, Many Inflections. n ANTANACLASIS: or, Word-Clashing, and n PLOCE: or, Word-Folding. n SYNOECEIOSIS: or, Cohabitation. n SYLLEPSIS: or, Combination. 3. The Repetition of Different Words 1. In a similar order (but same sense). n SYMPLOCE: or, Intertwining. 2. In a different order (but same sense). http://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/bullinge.htm 09/12/1999 Bullinger: Figures of Speech Used in the Bible Page 3 of 7 n EPANADOS: or, Inversion. n ANTIMETABOLE: or Counter-change. 3. Similar in sound, but different in sense. n PAREGMENON: or, Derivation. n PARANOMASIA: or Rhyming-Words. n PARACHESIS: or, Foreign Paronomasia. 4. Different in sound, but similar in sense n SYNONYMIA: or, Synonymous Words. n REPEATED NEGATION: or, Many Noes. 4. The Repetition of Sentences and Phrases n CYCLOIDES: or, Circular Repetition. n AMOEBAEON: or, Refrain. n COENOTES: or, Combines Repetition. n EPIBOLE: or, Overlaid Repetition. n SYNANTESIS: or, Introverted Repetition. 5. The Repetition of Subjects n PARALELLISM: or, Parallel Lines. n CORRESPONDENCE. 2. AFFECTING THE SENSE (Figures of Rhetoric) 1. REPETITIO n PROSAPODOSIS: or, Detailing. n EPIDIEGESIS: or, Re-Statement. n EPEXEGESIS: or, Fuller Explaining. n EXERGASIA: or, Working-Out. n EPIMONE: or, Lingering, n HERMENEIA: or, Interpretation. n BATTALOGIA: or, Vain Repetition. 2. AMPLIFICATIO n PLEONASM: or, Redundancy. n PERIPHRASIS: or, Circulocution. n HYPERBOLE: or, Exaggeration. n ANABASIS: or, Gradual Ascent n CATABASIS: or, Gradual Descent. n MERISMOS: or, Distribution. n SYNATHOESMOS: or, Enumeration. n EPITROCHASMOS: or, Summarising. n DIEXODOS: or, Expansion. n EPITHETON: or, Epithet. n SYNTHETON: or, Combination. n HORISMOS: or, Definition. 3. DESCRIPTIO n HYPOTYPOSIS: or, Word-Picture. n PROSOPOGRAPHIA: or, Description of Persons n EFFICTIO: or, Word-Portrait n CHARACTERISMOS: or, Description of Character n ETHOPOEIA: or, Description of Manners n PATHOPOEIA: or, Description of Feelings http://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/bullinge.htm 09/12/1999 Bullinger: Figures of Speech Used in the Bible Page 4 of 7 n MIMESIS: or, Description of Sayings n PRAGMATOGRAPHIA: or, Description of Actions n CHRONOGRAPHIA: or, Description of Time n PERISTASIS: or, Description of Circumstances n PROTIMESIS: or, Description of Order 4. CONCLUSIO n EPICRISIS: or, Judgment. n EPITASIS: or, Amplification. n ANESIS: or, Abating. n EPIPHONEMA: or, Exclamation. n PROECTHESIS: or, Justification. n EPITHERAPEIA: or, Qualification. n EXEMPLUM: or, Example. n SYMPERASMA: or, Concluding Summary. 5. INTERPOSITIO n PARENTHESIS: Parenthesis. n EPITRECHON: or, Running Along. n CATAPLOCE: or, Sudden Exclamation. n PAREMBOLE: or, Insertion. n INTERJECTIO: or, Interjection. n EJACULATIO: or, Ejaculation. n HYPOTIMESIS: or, Under-Estimating. n ANAERESIS: or, Detraction. 6. RATIOCINATIO n PARADIEGESIS: or, A Bye-Leading. n SUSTENTATIO: or, Suspense. n PARALEIPSIS: or, A Passing-By. n PROSLEPSIS: or, Assumption. n APOPHASIS: or, Insinuation. n CATAPHASIS: or, Affirmation. n ASTEISMOS: or, Politeness. Figures Involving Change 1. AFFECTING THE MEANING OF WORDS ¡ ENALLAGE: or, Exchange. ¡ ANTEMEREIA: or, Exchange of Parts of Speech ¡ ANTIPTOSIS: or, Exchange of Cases. ¡ HETEROSIS: or, Exchange of Accident ¡ HYPALLAGE: or, Interchange. ¡ METONYMY: or, Change of Noun. ¡ METALEPSIS: or, Double Metonymy. ¡ SYNECDOCHE: or, Transfer. ¡ HENDIADYS: or, Two for One. ¡ HENDIATRIS: or, Three for One. ¡ CATACHRESIS: or, Incongruity. ¡ METALLAGE: or, A Changing Over. http://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/bullinge.htm 09/12/1999 Bullinger: Figures of Speech Used in the Bible Page 5 of 7 ¡ ANTONOMASIA: or, Name-Change. ¡ EUPHEMISMIS: or, Euphemy. ¡ APLIATIO: or, Adjournment ¡ ANTIPHRASIS: or, Permutation 2. AFFECTING THE ARRANGEMENT AND ORDER OF WORDS 1. SEPARATE WORDS n HYPERBATON: or, Transposition. n ANASTROPHE: or, Arraignment. n SYLLEPSIS: or, Change in Concord. n TIMESIS: or, Mid-Cut. 2. SENTENCES AND PHRASES n HYSTERON-PROTERON: or, The Last, First. n HYSTEROLOGIA: or, The First, Last. n HYSTERESIS: or, Subsequent Narration. n SIMULTANEUM: or, Insertion. n ANTITHESIS: or, Contrast. n ENANTIOSIS: or, Contraries. n ANACOLUTHON: or, Non-sequence. 3. AFFECTING THE APPLICATION OF WORDS 1. As to Sense n SIMILE: or, Resemblance. n SYNCRISIS: or, Repeated Simile. n METAPHOR: or, Representation. n HYPOCATASTASIS: or, Implication. n ALLEGORY: or, Continued Metaphor and Hypocatastasis. n PARABOLA: or, Parable n APOLOGUE: or, Fable n PAROEMIA: or, Proverb. n TYPE. n SYMBOL. n AENIGMA: or, Enigma n POLYONYMIA: or, Many Names. n GNOME: or, Quotation. n CHREIA n NOEMA n ACCOMODATIO n AMPHIBIOLOGIA: or, Double Meaning. n EIRONEIA: or, Irony. n ANTIPHRASIS, n PERMUTATIO n SARCASMOS n OXYMORON: or, Wise-folly n IDIOMA: or, Idiom. 2. AS TO PERSONS n PROSOPOPOEIA: or, Personification. n ANTIPROSOPOPOEIA: or, Anti-Personification n ANTHROPOPATHEIA: or, Condescension http://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/bullinge.htm 09/12/1999 Bullinger: Figures of Speech Used in the Bible Page 6 of 7 n ANTIMETATHESIS: or, Dialogue. n ASSOCIATION: or, Inclusion. n APOSTROPHE. n PARECBASIS: or, Digression. 3. AS TO SUBJECT-MATTER n METABASIS: or, Transition. n EPANORTHOSIS: or, Correction. n AMPHIDIORTHOSIS: or, Double Correction. n ATACHORESIS: or, Regression. 4. AS TO TIME n PROLEPSIS (AMPLIATIO): or, Anticipation. 5. AS TO FEELING n PATHOPOEIA: or, Pathos. n ATEISMOS: or, Urbanity. n ANAMNESIS: or, Recalling. n BENEDICTIO: or, Blessing. n EUCHE: or, Prayer. n PARAENETICON, or, Ehortation. n OEONISMOS: or, Wishing. n THAUMASMOS: or, Wondering. n PAEANISMOS: or, Exultation. n ASTERISMOS: or, Indicating. n ECPHONESIS: or, Exclamation. n APORIA: or, Doubt. n EPITIMESIS: or, Reprimand. n ELEUTHERIA: or, Candour. n AGANACTESIS: or, Indignation. n APOSIOXIS: or, Detestation. n DEPRECATIO: or, Deprecation. n DIASYRMOS: or, Raillery. n CATAPLEXIS: or, Menace. n EXOUTHENISMOS: or, Contempt. n MALEDICTO: or, Imprecation. n DEASIS: or, Adjuration. n CHLEUASMOS: or, Mocking. 6. AS TO ARGUMENTATION n EROTESIS: or Interrogating. n DIALOGISMOS: or, Dialogue. n DIANOEA: or, an Animated Dialogue. n AFFIRMATIO: or, Affirmation. n NEGATIO: or, Negation. n ACCISMUS: Apparent Refusal n AETIOLOGIA: or, Cause Shown. n ANTEISAGOSE: or, Counter-Question. n ANISTROPHE: or Retort. n ANTICATEGORIA: or, Tu Quoque. n METASTASIS: or, Counter-Blame. http://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/bullinge.htm 09/12/1999 Bullinger: Figures of Speech Used in the Bible Page 7 of 7 n ANACOENOSIS: or, Common Cause. n SYNCHORESIS: or, Concession. n EPITROPE: or, Admission. n PAROMOLOGIA: or, Confession. n PROTHERAPEIA: or, Conciliation. n PRODIORTHOSIS: or, Warning. n POLINODIA: or, Retracting. n PROLEPSIS (OCCUPATIO): or, Anticipation. http://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/bullinge.htm 09/12/1999 ellipsis Page 1 of 1 ellipsis el-lip'-sis from Gk. elleipein, "to come short" Also sp. elipsis, elleipsis, eclipsis defectus figure of default Omission of a word or short phrase easily understood in context. Example John forgives Mary and Mary, John. Note that the comma signals what has been elided, "forgives" Related Figures l syllepsis l Other figures of omission Connections to Other Parts of Rhetoric l General Rhetorical