8. APPENDICES 8.1 Table of Stable Isotope Results 652 8.2 Radiocarbon Dating Models 655 8.3 Table of Cranial Observations 666 8.4 Trauma 670 8.5 Craniometric Results from Isbister 679 8.6 Dental Data 696 8.7 Descriptions of Crania from Isbister 730 652 8. 1 STABLE ISOTOPE RESULTS 8.1: Stable Light Isotope Results Summary (omitting diagenetically affected animal remains from baseline study) SITE SPECIES AGE SEX ID Mean δ15N mean δ13C mean C:N BU OF CAIRSTON HUMAN BuC152 13.16 -19.87 3.23 BU OF CAIRSTON HUMAN BuC166 13.92 -19.12 3.48 BU OF CAIRSTON HUMAN BuC231 12.04 -19.94 3.19 BU OF CAIRSTON HUMAN BuC246 13.58 -18.96 3.25 BU OF CAIRSTON HUMAN BuC285 13.37 -19.46 3.23 BU OF CAIRSTON HUMAN BuC296 13.03 -20.98 3.31 BU OF CAIRSTON HUMAN BuC326 12.77 -20.52 3.39 BU OF CAIRSTON HUMAN BuC347 11.24 -20.77 3.17 BUSTATOWN HUMAN BUST1 10.80 -20.51 3.27 BUSTATOWN HUMAN BUST2 11.19 -20.35 3.31 BUCKQUOY HUMAN BY12 10.34 -20.80 3.21 BUCKQUOY HUMAN BY1a 10.80 -21.13 3.35 BUCKQUOY HUMAN BY2a 10.86 -21.15 3.23 BUCKQUOY HUMAN BY3a 11.05 -20.90 3.25 CAITHNESS HUMAN Caithness 14.12 -19.63 3.24 CRANTIT HUMAN CT1 11.18 -24.33 5.78 CRANTIT HUMAN CT2 11.26 -21.51 3.51 HOWE HUMAN HH105 12.44 -19.90 3.22 HOWE HUMAN HH1251 10.96 -20.89 3.33 HOWE HUMAN HH1488 10.26 -20.76 3.22 HOWE HUMAN HH1508 11.93 -20.59 3.26 ISBISTER EAGLE IS E1 13.70 -16.12 3.29 ISBISTER EAGLE IS E2 14.25 -15.35 3.21 ISBISTER EAGLE IS E3 13.55 -15.90 3.29 ISBISTER HUMAN YA ? IS1757 12.30 -20.56 3.38 ISBISTER HUMAN OA M IS1768 12.52 -20.63 3.19 ISBISTER HUMAN YA M+ IS1953 11.96 -20.41 3.19 ISBISTER HUMAN A ?F IS1954 10.93 -20.33 3.34 ISBISTER HUMAN IS1955 12.64 -21.43 3.81 ISBISTER HUMAN 9,10 IS1956 11.27 -20.62 3.28 ISBISTER HUMAN MA ?M IS1958 12.31 -20.80 3.30 ISBISTER HUMAN 5,6 IS1959 12.20 -20.48 3.38 ISBISTER HUMAN MA ?F IS1961 10.92 -20.72 3.29 ISBISTER HUMAN A F IS1962 10.55 -20.82 3.29 653 ISBISTER HUMAN YA M+ IS1963 11.94 -21.12 3.31 ISBISTER HUMAN A ? IS1964 11.56 -20.12 3.28 ISBISTER HUMAN A,7 F IS1965 11.31 -20.16 3.22 ISBISTER HUMAN YA F IS1966 12.00 -20.11 3.30 ISBISTER HUMAN 10 IS1967 10.90 -20.49 3.39 ISBISTER HUMAN MA M IS1970 11.93 -20.78 3.43 ISBISTER HUMAN YA ?F IS1971 11.95 -20.17 3.33 ISBISTER HUMAN A ?F IS1972 12.80 -19.20 3.17 ISBISTER HUMAN A M IS1974 12.11 -20.86 3.19 ISBISTER HUMAN OA F IS1975 11.33 -20.38 3.29 ISBISTER HUMAN YA ?M IS1976 11.99 -20.71 3.29 ISBISTER HUMAN IS2641 10.90 -20.94 3.24 ISBISTER HUMAN IS2642 12.96 -20.23 3.29 ISBISTER HUMAN MA F IS2653 11.89 -19.82 3.19 ISBISTER HUMAN A ?M IS2767 12.17 -20.30 3.22 ISBISTER HUMAN A ?M IS2769 11.73 -20.55 3.28 ISBISTER HUMAN YA M IS2770 12.62 -20.86 3.48 ISBISTER HUMAN 5,6 IS2771 11.67 -20.84 3.28 ISBISTER HUMAN 6,8 IS2774 11.39 -20.91 3.36 ISBISTER HUMAN 8 IS2776 11.41 -21.21 3.41 ISBISTER HUMAN IS2782 11.83 -20.33 3.29 ISBISTER HUMAN MA M IS2783 11.91 -19.74 3.25 ISBISTER HUMAN MA M IS6509 11.89 -21.20 3.36 ISBISTER HUMAN OA ? IS6682 11.46 -20.89 3.20 ISBISTER HUMAN MA ? IS7015 11.87 -20.54 3.30 ISBISTER HUMAN A ?M IS7072 11.35 -20.69 3.29 ISBISTER HUMAN IS7073 11.52 -20.59 3.30 ISBISTER HUMAN 4,6 IS7074 11.43 -21.17 3.29 ISBISTER HUMAN OA F IS7096 12.15 -20.39 3.35 ISBISTER HUMAN IS7160 11.38 -21.06 3.25 ISBISTER HUMAN 2 IS7209I 11.45 -21.43 3.30 ISBISTER HUMAN 2 IS7209O 12.39 -20.90 3.34 ISBISTER HUMAN 2,4 IS7210 12.02 -20.68 3.27 ISBISTER HUMAN OA ? IS7211 11.77 -20.23 3.24 ISBISTER HUMAN MA ?M IS7215 12.43 -21.03 3.32 ISBISTER HUMAN A ?M IS7220 11.87 -21.11 3.30 ISBISTER HUMAN C IS7222b 11.56 -20.84 3.16 ISBISTER HUMAN IS7224 11.99 -21.31 3.29 ISBISTER HUMAN A ?M IS7228 11.36 -21.12 3.34 654 ISBISTER HUMAN A ? IS7230 10.92 -21.08 3.32 ISBISTER HUMAN 6,7 IS7254 11.42 -20.80 3.22 ISBISTER HUMAN IS7268 11.48 -20.74 3.27 ISBISTER HUMAN OA ?F IS7279 12.11 -20.31 3.21 ISBISTER HUMAN 5,8 IS7280 11.51 -21.01 3.36 ISBISTER HUMAN IS7281 12.23 -20.87 3.26 ISBISTER HUMAN YA F IS7284 11.19 -21.07 3.41 ISBISTER HUMAN A M IS7285 11.48 -21.20 3.33 ISBISTER HUMAN A M IS7287 11.34 -20.92 3.32 ISBISTER HUMAN A M IS7288 11.84 -20.77 3.34 ISBISTER HUMAN OA ? IS7453 12.78 -21.11 3.46 ISBISTER HUMAN YA ?M IS7455 11.90 -21.08 3.37 ISBISTER HUMAN IS8564 12.29 -20.75 3.30 ISBISTER HUMAN IS8567 12.41 -20.50 3.25 ISBISTER HUMAN IS8924 12.25 -20.44 3.61 ISBISTER HUMAN IS9310 10.48 -20.84 3.30 NB NEWARK BAY SHEEP SHEEP1 8.60 -19.87 3.22 NB NEWARK BAY SHEEP SHEEP2 7.31 -19.92 3.18 NEWARK BAY HUMAN NB9 10.99 -20.41 3.16 POINT OF COTT HUMAN PC3,93 10.83 -19.97 3.22 POINT OF COTT HUMAN PC3/287 12.43 -21.95 4.12 PC3/387 POINT OF COTT HUMAN a 11.68 -21.88 4.09 POINT OF COTT HUMAN PC4,89 10.30 -20.31 3.23 POOL COD PL COD 14.62 -13.44 3.20 POOL COW PL COW 4.53 -21.95 3.22 POOL SHEEP PL SHEEP 4.83 -21.80 3.18 Modern PORPOISE porpoise 11.51 -15.04 3.15 PIEROWALL QUARRY COW PQ COW1 6.39 -21.48 3.20 PIEROWALL QUARRY HUMAN PQ116 10.79 -20.73 3.24 PIEROWALL QUARRY HUMAN PQ132 12.51 -20.00 3.20 PIEROWALL QUARRY HUMAN PQ16 11.50 -20.04 3.25 655 PIEROWALL QUARRY HUMAN PQ165b 11.56 -20.08 3.24 PIEROWALL QUARRY HUMAN PQ82 11.61 -20.24 3.27 SANDAY RED DEER 5.23 -22.86 3.22 SANDAY DOG 11.16 -20.22 3.27 SANDAY PIG 8.36 -21.56 3.37 SANDAY SEAL 15.21 -13.74 3.17 SKAILL BAY CIST HUMAN SBC 10.90 -20.91 3.30 ST BONIFACE KIRK COD SBK COD 14.93 -11.99 3.27 SEAL seal1 15.83 -14.18 3.13 SKAILL HOUSE HUMAN SH1 15.92 -17.26 3.18 SKAILL HOUSE HUMAN SH3 12.55 -19.62 3.31 SOTON HUMAN soton 12.32 -19.79 3.27 STENCHME HUMAN STENCH42 13.08 -19.11 3.22 SEAWEEDS APRIL P. PALMATA SW10 5.99 -19.04 17.04 JULY L. SACCORHIZA SW11 6.14 -12.02 31.94 JULY F. SERRATUS SW12 5.94 -12.54 31.69 JULY L. DIGITATA SW13 5.06 -18.70 21.53 JULY U. LACTUCA SW14 5.88 -20.13 30.08 JULY P. PALMATA SW15 2.90 -26.65 14.84 DEC L. SACCORHIZA SW16 4.61 -20.96 20.02 DEC F. SERRATUS SW17 5.29 -16.82 24.58 DEC L. DIGITATA SW18 3.78 -17.44 27.48 DEC A. NODOSUM SW19 5.43 -14.96 34.00 APRIL L. SACCORHIZA SW1a 4.41 -16.11 14.37 DEC P. PALMATA SW20 5.98 -22.64 17.71 JULY P. UMBILICALIS SW21 5.47 -20.28 26.02 SEPT A. ESCULENTA SW22 6.28 -15.63 25.04 APRIL F. SERRATUS SW2a 3.69 -16.57 19.51 APRIL L. DIGITATA SW3 3.18 -15.68 13.56 APRIL C. FRAGILE SW4 5.42 -14.28 13.07 APRIL H. SILIQUOSA SW5 5.40 -18.36 29.68 SEPT L. SACCORHIZA SW6 6.09 -14.20 34.34 SEPT F. SERRATUS SW7 4.83 -14.88 69.44 SEPT L. DIGITATA SW8 4.66 -15.85 22.72 SEPT U. LACTUCA SW9 5.63 -15.96 24.22 656 8.2 Alternative Radiocarbon Dating Charts for Isbister If the date probability distributions form a sample that accurately reflects the population from which they were drawn, then a series of randomly selected individuals would be expected to have a similar date distribution. Any single individual would have a date probability that could be described by the sum of sample probabilities divided by the number of samples. The interment use of a chambered tomb might therefore be intuitively expected to resemble the summary date probability distribution. Particular points of concern relate to the start and end boundaries of the distribution and the continuity or otherwise of the population.