BELEIDSINSTRUMENTEN EN EXTREMISTISCHE WERELDBEELDEN Een Verkennend Rapport

BELEIDSINSTRUMENTEN EN EXTREMISTISCHE WERELDBEELDEN Een Verkennend Rapport

BELEIDSINSTRUMENTEN EN EXTREMISTISCHE WERELDBEELDEN Een verkennend rapport Maria Vliek & Martijn de Koning 14 november 2020 Afdeling Islamstudies Faculteit Filosofie, Theologie en Religiewetenschappen Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen © 2020. Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek- en Documentatiecentrum. Auteursrechten voorbehouden. Niets uit dit rapport mag worden verveelvoudigd en/of openbaar gemaakt door middel van druk, fotokopie, microfilm, digitale verwerking of anderszins, zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van het WODC. Radboud Universiteit Postbus 2345 Houtlaan 4 4567 AE Nijmegen 6525 XZ Nijmegen The Netherlands (024) 361 61 61 www.ru.nl/rechten Pagina 4/183 Inhoudsopgave Lijst met afkortingen .......................................................................................................... 7 Samenvatting ..................................................................................................................... 9 Summary ......................................................................................................................... 28 Voorwoord ....................................................................................................................... 29 Inleiding ........................................................................................................................... 31 Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................ 31 Probleemstelling ......................................................................................................................... 31 Vraagstelling en operationalisering ......................................................................................... 32 Extremisme als veld .................................................................................................................... 34 Methodische verantwoording .................................................................................................. 38 Leeswijzer ..................................................................................................................................... 41 1 Groepen in het veld: definities en plaatsing.............................................................. 42 1.1 Inleiding ............................................................................................................................. 42 1.2 Extremisme volgens overheidsinstanties ................................................................... 42 1.3 Pegida als casestudie voor extreemrechts in Nederland. Plaatsing in een veld 44 1.3.1 Beleidsonderzoek .................................................................................................... 44 1.3.2 Overheid .................................................................................................................... 45 1.3.3 Wetenschappelijk debat ......................................................................................... 46 1.3.4 Rechtsextremisme wordt mainstream................................................................ 49 1.3.5 Samenvattend .......................................................................................................... 52 1.3.6 Pegida Nederland als casestudie ......................................................................... 52 1.4 Linksextremisme in Nederland: Definities en ontwikkelingen ............................... 55 1.4.1 Inleiding ..................................................................................................................... 55 1.4.2 Beleidsonderzoek .................................................................................................... 55 1.4.3 Overheid .................................................................................................................... 56 1.4.4 Wetenschappelijk debat ......................................................................................... 57 1.4.5 Samenvattend .......................................................................................................... 60 1.4.6 Linksextremisme in Nederland: AFA Nederland als casestudie..................... 60 1.5 Jihadisme NL..................................................................................................................... 61 1.5.1 Inleiding ..................................................................................................................... 61 1.5.2 Beleidsonderzoek .................................................................................................... 62 1.5.3 Overheid .................................................................................................................... 63 1.5.4 Wetenschappelijke debat....................................................................................... 66 1.5.5 Jihadisme NL in het extremistische veld ............................................................. 68 1.5.6 Samenvattend .......................................................................................................... 69 1.5.7 Jihadisme NL als casus ........................................................................................... 70 1.6 Samenvatting en conclusie ............................................................................................ 71 Pagina 5/183 2 Beleid gericht tegen radicalisering, extremisme en terrorisme ................................ 74 2.1 Inleiding en verantwoording ......................................................................................... 74 2.2 Definities ........................................................................................................................... 75 2.2.1 CVE & PVE – Countering/Preventing Violent Extremism .................................. 75 2.2.2 ‘Deradicalisation’ & ‘Disengagement’ – DDP ....................................................... 77 2.2.3 ‘Succes’ ....................................................................................................................... 77 2.3 Review van Beleidsinstrumenten ................................................................................. 80 2.3.1 Inleiding ..................................................................................................................... 80 2.3.2 Educatieprogramma’s............................................................................................. 81 2.3.3 Terrorismefinanciering ........................................................................................... 83 2.3.4 ‘Counter Narratives’ en online CVE-programma’s ............................................. 83 2.3.5 Persoonsspecifieke benadering voor religieus-extremisme .......................... 84 2.3.6 Family counseling .................................................................................................... 86 2.3.7 Community Engagement: Stigmatisering moslimgemeenschap ................... 89 2.3.8 CVE in detentiecentra: Exit en re-integratie programma’s .............................. 91 2.3.9 Terugkeerlingen ....................................................................................................... 93 2.3.10 Tijdelijke Wet Bestuurlijke Maatregelen Terrorismebestrijding ..................... 93 2.4 Conclusie ........................................................................................................................... 94 3 Actierepertoires ........................................................................................................ 96 3.1 Inleiding ............................................................................................................................. 96 3.2 Pegida Nederland ............................................................................................................ 98 3.2.1 Inleiding ..................................................................................................................... 98 3.2.2 Casus ‘Eindhoven’ .................................................................................................... 99 3.2.3 Percipiëren van beleid – Demonstratierecht ................................................... 100 3.2.4 Conclusie ................................................................................................................. 104 3.3 AFA-Nederland ............................................................................................................... 105 3.3.1 Beleidsinstrumenten ............................................................................................ 105 3.3.2 Casus ‘Pafmeisje’.................................................................................................... 108 3.3.3 Casus ‘Joke Kaviaar’ ............................................................................................... 111 3.3.4 Conclusie ................................................................................................................. 114 3.4 Jihadisme NL................................................................................................................... 115 3.4.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................... 115 3.4.2 Standvastigheid tegenover het overheidsbeleid............................................. 116 3.4.3 Jihadisme van Nederlands probleem naar oplossing voor iedereen.......... 120 3.4.4 De subjectieve begrenzing van moslims: “moslimpje pesten” ..................... 122 3.4.5 Terugtrekken .........................................................................................................

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