HELLENIC INSTITUTE FOR THE PRESERVATION TROPIS I OF NAUTICAL TRADITION 1st INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SHIP CONSTRUCTION IN ANTIQUITY PIRAEUS, 30 AUGUST - 1 SEPTEMBER 1985 PROCEEDIGNS SPONSORED BY THE MINISTRY OF CULTURE Published by the Organizing Committee of the Symposium, Athens 1989. Editor: Harry E. Tzalas. Cover design and layout: Yannis Pantzopoulos. 0 Hellenic Institute for the Preservation of Nautical Tradition, 1989. TABLE OF CONTENTS The organizing committee Programme of the sessions Welcoming address by Mr. Spyros Mercouris Welcoming address by Mr. Harry E. Tzalas Papers presented (in alphabetical order) Basch, Lucien, "Les graffitti de Dtlos". Bass, George F., "The Construction of a Seagoing vessel of the Late Bron- ze Age" Bonino, Marco, "Notes on the Architecture of some Roman ships: Nemi and Fiumicino". Boulotis, Christos, "La dtesse minoenne au rame-gouvernail: contri- bution a l'iconographie maritime tgtenne". Christides, Vassilios, "Some remarks on the Mediterranean and Red sea ships in Ancient and Medieval times: A preliminary report". Coats, John, "The trieres, its design and construction". Foerster Laures, Federico, "The problem of the bilge and the pump in antiquity". Frost, Honor, "Pyramidal" stone anchors; an inquiry. Gassend, Jean-Marie, "La Construction navale antique de type alte- rnt; un exemple de construction". Gillmer, Thomas C., "Theories on Ship Configuration in the Bronze Age Aegean". Jezegou, Marie Pierre, "L'Cpave I1 de l'anse Saint-Gervais ii Fos- sur-Mer: Un navire du haut Moyen-age construit sur squelette". Kapitan, Gerhard, "Archaeological evidence for rituals and customs on Ancient ships". 147 Katzev, Michael L. and Katzev, Susan-Womer, "Kyrenia 11: Building a Replica of an Ancient Greek Merchantman". 163 Korres, Georges S., 1) <<NCainaparqpTjoey Eni rfj~xapaaraoewq nhoiou rfiq YE 111 r:l xuci60~EK Tpayava~nrjhoum. ("Representation of a Late Mycenean ship on the Pyxis from Tragana, Pylos"). 177 Kritzas, Charalambos, "Remarks on an inscribed anchor stock from Aegina". 203 Marsden, Peter, "Ships of the Roman period in Central and Northern Eu- rope". (abstract). 209 Morrison, John S., "The trieres reconstruction; value and authenticity: the nature of the evidence". 21 1 Palaiologou, Helleni, "Aegean Ships from the 2nd Millenium B.C.". 217 Salviat, Frangois, "Le bateau de ThCske, le vase Franpis et les Triacontoroi". 219 Servello, Antonio, The Trieres, its design and construction. 24 1 Steffy, Richard, "The role of threedimensional research in the Kyrenia Ship reconstruction". 249 Throckrnorton, Peter J., "The Ship of Torre Sgarrata". 263 Tzamtzis, A.I., "Ikria on Minoan seals". 275 Vichos, Yannis, "La construction navale ii Psara avant la fin du XVIIe sit- cle d'aprks un texte de Nicodemos: Une exemple de type de constru- ction alternke?" 285 Wilke, Gerard and Wilke, Maria, both participated at the Symposium and took part at the discussions although limited time did not permit the preparation of a presentation. Williams, Hector, "Figureheads on Greek and Roman Ships". 293 N.B. You will note differences between some titles in the programme and the titles on the printed paper. This is due to the fact that some authors modified the title of the final paper. ORGANIZING COMMITTEE President : Harry E. Tzalas, President of the Hellenic Institute for the Preservation of Nautical Tradition. Vice-President: Nicos Tsouhlos, President of the Hellenic Institute of Marine Archaeology. General Secretary: Captain Anastassios Tzamtzis, General Secretary of the Hellenic Maritime Museum. Treasurer: Stelios Kokkios Members: Charalambos Kritzas, Curator of Antiquities. Dr. Yannis Vichos, General Secretary of the Hellenic Institute of Marine Archaeology. Yannis Pantzopoulos, General Secretary of the Hellenic Institute for the Preservation of Nautical Tradition. Secretary: Maria Helioti. General Coordinator of the "Athens, Cultural Capital of Europe 1985" events: Spyros Mercuris, Special Advisor to the Ministry of Culture and Sciences. PROGRAMME Friday 30th August, 1985. 9.00 Address by the President of the Organizing Committee of the Symposium Mr. Harry Tzalas. Inaugural address by Mr. Spyros Mercuris on behalf of the Minister of Culture and Sciences Mrs. Melina Mercuri. Morning Session EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY, SHIP EQUIPMENT AND FITTINGS Chairman, Mr. Harry E. Tzalas Prof. Richard Steffy "The use of three-dimensional research in the Kyrenia ship reconstruction" Coffee Break Prof. Michael Katzev "Kyrenia 11: Building a Replica of an Ancient Greek Merchant- man" (Part A) Mrs. Susan Katzev "Kyrenia 11: Building a Replica of an Ancient Greek Merchant- man" (Part B) Mr. Federico Foerster Laures "The problem of the bilge and the pump in antiquity" Discussion Afternoon Session THE ATHENIAN TRIERES AND OTHER FIGHTING SHIPS Chairman, Mr. Lucien Basch Prof. John Morrison "The trieres replica; value and authenticity: the nature of the evidence ". 16.30 Mr. John Coates "The trieres, its design and construction" 17.00 Prof. Ing. Antonio Serve110 "Hellenic trieres and barbarian trieres at Salamis: Technical information" 17.30 Prof. Franpis Salviat "Le Bateau de Thtste, le vase Franqois et les Triacontoroi" 18.00- 18.30 Discussion Saturday, 31st Auguet, 1985. Morning Session SHIP CONSTRUCTION IN ANTIQUITY Chairman, Captain Anastassios Tzamtzis Mr. Peter Marsden "Ships of the Roman period in central and Northern Europe" Dr. Marco Bonino "Notes on the architecture of some Roman ships: Nemi and Fiumicino" Coffee Break Prof. Peter Throckmorton "The shipwreck of Torre Sgarrata" Mr. Jean Marie Gassend "La construction navale antique de type alternt; exemple d'un mode de construction". Dr. Yannis Vichos "La construction navale Psara avant la fin du XVIIIe sitcle d'aprts un texte de NicodCmos: Un exemple de type de con- struction alternte?" 12.30- 13.00 Discussion Afternoon Session SHIP CONSTRUCTION IN ANTIQUITY (CONTINUED) Chairman, Prof. Michael Katzev 16.00 Dr. Marie-Pierre Jezegou "L'tpave de 1'Anse Saint-Gervais A Fos-sur-Mer: Un Navire du haut Moyen-Age constmit sur squelette". 16.30 Prof. Vassilis Christides "Shipbuilding in the Mediterrannean and the Red Sea: A study in comparative naval construction". RITUALS RELATED TO THE ANCIENT SHIP 17.00 Miss Honor Frost "Ancient warship anchors; an inquiry" 17.30 Mr. Charalambos Kritzas "Remarks on an inscribed anchor-stock from Aegina" 18.00 Mr. Gerhard Kapitan "Archaeological evidence from rituals and usages on ancient ships" 18.3@ 19.00 Discussion Sunday, 1st September, 1985. Morning Session SHIPS OF THE BRONZE AGE AEGEAN Chairman, Miss Honor Frost 9.45 Prof. Thomas C. Gillmer "Theories on ship configuration in the Bronze Age Aegean" 10.15 Miss Hellen Palaiologou "Aegean ships from the 2nd Millenium B.C." 10.45 Coffee Break 11.00 Captain Anastassios Tzamtzis "Ikria on Minoan seals" 11.30 ' Dr. George Bass "The Bronze Age shipwreck at Ulu Burun, near Kas" 12.00 Prof. George Korres "Representation of a Late Mycenean ship on the Pyxis from Tragana, Pylos" 12.00- 12.30 Discussion Afternoon Session ICONONGRAPHY OF ANCIENT SHIPS Chairman, Prof. John Morrison 16.00 Mr. Lucien Basch "Les graffiti de Dtlos" 16.30 Dr. Christos Boulotis "La Dtesse minoenne au rame-gouvernail: contribution ii l'icono- graphie maritime egtenne" 17.00 Prof. Hector Williams "Figureheads on Greek and Roman ships" 17.30- 18.00 Discussion 18.00- 19.00 GENERAL DISCUSSION Chairman, Mr. Harry Tzalas Ladies and gentlemen, On behalf of the Minister of Culture and Sciences and in my capacity as the coordinator of Cultural and Scientific events for "Athens the Cultural Capital of Europe for 1985" I have the pleasure of attending this inaugural session of the first International Symposium on "Ship Construction in Antiquity". It is regretful that Mrs. Melina Mercuris who had accepted with enthusiasm the proposal made by Mr. Harry Tzalas for the organization of this encounter, cannot be among us today. An unexpected commitment obliges the Minister to be in Venice. Since the dawn of history Greece has been very closely "tied" to the sea. We as a Nation owe so much to the Ancient Shipwrights and to the Ancient Mariners. Without their skill in building good ships and their ability in sailing, Greece would -ot be what she is. We are aware that an important part of our heritage lies in the Mediterranean Sea. We want to learn as much as possible about how ships were built and how ships sailed in ancient times. There could be no more appropriate place for your first encounter than Piraeus; the Piraeus of Themistokles with the ancient ports of Zea, Munichia, Kantharos; Piraeus with its Trieres but also with its merchant ships trading and communicating throughout the bounderies of the known world. I welcome you under the sign of Posseidon protector of Maritime activities and of Xenios Zeus patron-god of hospitality. May your meeting be fruitful and your stay in Greece pleasant. With these thoughts and wishes, I now declare the Symposium open. Spyros Mercuris Ladies and gentlemen, It is a privilege and a pleasure to welcome you, on behalf of the Organizing Committee, to the 1st International Symposium on "Ship Construction in Antiquity". I would like to thank you all for your presence, and in partizular the participants who will present papers. , We feel greatly honored that so many distinguished scientists and scholars from Greece, other European countries, the United States and Canada have accepted our invitation. The selection of this location was intentional. We had to choose among several large conference-halls. The Ceres building amphitheater was selected, mainly, for two reasons: we wanted to obtain the intimate, warm and friendly atmosphere that a small but well designed space can create, secondly we wanted to be near -within walking distance- from the great and, I dare say, unique exhibition "Greece and the Sea". Marine Archaeology is a relatively new discipline and the number of its experts worldwide, is limited. Practically nothing was known at the beginning of this century about the way ships were built in antiquity. It is only after the discovery of the Antekythera ship-wreck that a different method of construction - that later became to be known "as the shell first" - was suspected.