Sudan Academy of Sciences (SAS) Atomic Energy Council Calculation ol. Radiation Dose Received in Computed Tomography 'Examinations By: Eslam Xlustafa Abed Elseed 2014 Sudan Academy of Sciences (SAS) Atomic Energy Council Calculation of Radiation Dose Received in Computed Tomography Examinations By: Eslam Mustafa Abed Elseed B.Sc. Scientific laboratory of Physics Sudan University ofSclnce and Tecnology (2008) A dissertation submitted to Sudan Academy of Sciences as Partial fulfillment ot' requirements ofMaster ofScience in Medical Physics Supervisor: Dr. Vousif Mohamed Yousif Abdallah Sudan University ofScience and Technology 2014 ﺑﺴﻢ اف اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اف ﺑﺴﻢ Sudan Academy of Sciences (SAS) Atomic Energy Council Calculation of Radiation Dose Received in Computed Tomography Examinations By: Eslam Mustafa Abed Elseed Examination Committee Title Name Signature Supervisor Dr. Yousif Mohamed Vousif Abdallah External Prof.FaroukHabbani \\١ - .٠٠ ١ .٠٠ - \\١ ﺭ examiner ١ Dedication .dedicate m y dissertation to m y family and friends ﺍ A special feeling of gratitude to m y loving parents, whose words of encouragement and push for tenacity ring in my ears, and to m y sisters who never left m y side. Also I dedicate this dissertation to my friends. I will always appreciate all they have done for me. Acknowledgements A Special thanks to Dr. Yousif Mohamed Yousif Abdallah, my ,for his countless houre of reflecting ,reading supervisor٠ encouraging, and most of all patient throughout the entire process . I would like to acknowledge and thank to my colleagues at Sudan Academy of Sciences for providing any assistance requested. Special thanks go to the membere of Medical Physic Department staff for their continued support. Finally I would like to thank m y teachera, doctore in the Physics Department for any advice that supported me to complete my study. Abstract: Diagnostic computed tomography (CT) examinations play ari important role 111 the igmfitJi.؛ health care of the population. These examinations may involve ٩١؛ irradiation of the patient and probably represent the largest man-made source radiation exposure for the population. This sfttdy was pertOrmed in Einileen II period of Januaty to October 2014. This study was performed to assess the effective dose (ED) received in brain CT examination (base of skull and cerebrum) and to analyze effective dose distributions among radiological departments under study !، unit anu ( ا The study was performed at Elnileen Medical Center, covering one ents(25 cerebntm sample and26 base of skull sample), fhe؛sample of 51 pat following parameters were recorded age, weight, height, body/ mass index (BMI, derived from weight (kg) and height (m) and exposure fectors and CTDlyoiX)[ ? value . The effective dose was measured for brain CT examination, fhe ED values were calculated from the obtained DLP values using AAPM Report NO % calculation methods. The results of ED values calculated showed that patieni. exposures were within the normal range of exposure. The mean ED values calculated were 0.35±0.15for base of skull of brain CT examinations and,0.70±0.32for cerebrttm of brain CT examination, respectively, f'urther studies are recommended with more number of patients and using more than modalities lor comparison. ﺍﳌﳋﺺ: ﺟﻬﺎز اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﻈﻌﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺟ ﻬﺎ ز ﻳﻠﺘﻘﻂ ﺻﻮر ﻣﺘﻌﺘﺪة ﻟﻸﺟﺰاﺀ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴ ﺔ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ اوﺿﺢ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻷﺧﺮى. ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ ﺑﻮرا ﻫﺎﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ او اﻟﺤﻔﺎ ظ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺻﺤﺔ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن. أﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻫﺪه اﻟﻠﺮاﺳﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻫﺶ اﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻳﺾ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻌﺮ ﺿﻪ ﻟﻼﺷﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺮض اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﻈﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺦ.أﺧﺬت ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ 51 ﻣﺮﻳﺾ 25 ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻤﺦ و 26 ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪ ة اﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﻨﻴﻠﻴﻦ اﻟﻄﺒﻲ وﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺒﺮاﺳﺔ ﻧﻲ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻣﻦ ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ اﻟﻲ اﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ 20014م٠ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻬﺒﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻠﺮاﺳﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﻌﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻫﺌﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﻳﺾ ﻟﻺﺷﻌﺎًع ﺑﻐﺮض اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ اﻟ ﻤﻘ ﻄﻌ ﻲﻟﻠﻤ ﺦ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻚ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟ ﻬﺎ ز اﻻﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻌﻴﺔ وﺣﺴﺒﺖ وﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻄﺮق اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﺿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ رﻗﻢ 96 ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ اﻻﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺀ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ وﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻐﻌﻌﺔ اﻟﻨﻌﺠ ﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ اﺟﺮت ﻓﺤﺺ اﻟﻤﺦ 0.70± 0,32 وﻟﻠﻨﻲ اﺟﺮت ﻓﺤﺺ ﻗﺎﻋﺒﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ 0.35 ± 0.15 اﺧﺬ ﻋﻴﻨﺎت ﻧﺎت ﺣﺠﻢ اﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻮﺻﻰ ﺑﻪ واﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﺟﻬﺰة ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﻮدﻳﻞ ﻟﻺﺗﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ. ٧ﺍ Table of contents: Dedication ................................................................................................... Acknowledgment ............................................................................... Abstract ................................................................................................. Abstract (Arabic)........................................................................................... List of Contents............................................................................................ List of Tables.............................................................................. .......... Chapter One: Introduction and Literature Review ........................................ *- ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.1. Problem:....................................................................................... 1.20bjective........................................................................................... 1.2.1 .Specific Objectives:....................................................................... 1.3.Brain Imaging technique................................................................... 1.3.1 .Computerized Tomography (CT): .............................. 1.3.2. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRl): ............................................ 1.3.3. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRl): ........................ ......................................:(PET) ﳌﻞ tron Emission Tomograph؛Pos .1.3.4 1.3.5.Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT):.... ............................................... :(ffiision tensor imaging (DTI؛1.3.6D 1.3.7.Diffuse optical tomography (DOT):.................................... Chapter Two: Materials and Methods....................................................... 2.1. Materials:.......................................................................................... 2.1.1. Equipments:.................................................................................... 2.1.2. Patient:............................................................................................ 2.2. Methods........................................................................................... 2.2.1 .Study duration:............................................................................. 2.2.2.Study place:..................................................................................... 2.2.3.Meth<xl of data collation ....................................................... 2.2.4Method of data analysis: .......................................................... 2.2.5Method of data storage: .................................................................. 2.2.6.Ethical issue: Chapter Three: Results and Discussion . 1.3.1. Results....................................... 1.3.2 .Discussion: .............................. Chapter Four: Conclusion and Recommendations ...... 28 4.1 .Conclusion......... 4.2.Recommendations: Reference..................... VI ٠f table List ١ ؛ ".■؛ .، ؛؛؛؛ ،، ' ؛-،،؛' Table 3.1.1 The age group Frequency percent for both gender am،,ny tilt skull..................................................................................................... '؛ - !ﻟﻰ' ﻻل,د ١in dex.Table 3.1.2. The mean and standard deviation ofBody mas among the study sample........................................................ '■ اآا١ﻻ '؛ أ٠ ؛-Table 3.1.3. The mean and stondard deviation of exposure factors and. J D i v o i brain CTexamination in the study sample..................................... ١ sample to■ Table 3.1.4. The age group Frequency percent for both gender among the suid cerebrum............................................................................. '.،؛.،or noth gen؛ Table 3.1.5. The mean and standard deviation ofBody mass index distribution among the study sample fOr cerebrum........................................... Table 3.1.6. The mean and standard deviation of exposure factors used lor brain t 1 examinaiio ؛ ذ . .......................................................................the study sample in fa'ble 3.1.7.Exposure factore, and DLP and effective dose values tOr brain t. i examinati'o.. n - V Chapter One Introduction and Literature Review Introduction: There are no clinical decision rules to guide the ordering of head radiographs. Many brain diseases can be diagnosed clinically, and signs of specific injuries serve as a guide to ordering brain imaging. You may need a CT sc.an if you have dangerous symptoms, such as: an injury your doctor can see OI' feel, becoming unconscious. Changes in mental state or alertness. Ongoing vomiting or a bad headache, if you take a blood thinner, such as warfarin (Coumadin), you are more likely to bleed. So you may need a CT scan, even for a minor injury. In institutions where it is available on an emergency basis, multidetectoi- CT (MDCT) has become more used in brain imaging. Nonetheless, the anatomical landmarks and patterns of brain injury remain