Financing and Financial Risks of Professional Sports

Financing and Financial Risks of Professional Sports

https://doi.org/10.7251/SSH2002169S UDC: 379.824:737.2]:061.2:796(497.5) Short notice Kratko saopštenje Financing and Financial Risks Financiranje i financijski rizici of Professional Sports Clubs profesionalnih sportskih in the Republic of Croatia klubova u Republici Hrvatskoj Vedran Šupuković1, Sanel Jakupović2, Josip Valčić1 1Director of the PPD Zagreb Handball Club, Republic of Croatia 1Direktor Rukometnog kluba PPD Zagreb, Republika Hrvatska 2Pan-European University Apeiron, Banja Luka, Bosnia and 2Panevropski univerzitet Apeiron, Banja Luka, Bosna i Hercegovina Herzegovina 1Sportski direktor Rukometnog kluba PPD Zagreb, Republika 1Sports director of the PPD Zagreb Handball Club, Republic of Croatia Hrvatska Correspondence: Korespondencija: Vedran Šupuković Vedran Šupuković Director of the PPD Zagreb Handball Club, Republic of Croatia Direktor Rukometnog kluba PPD Zagreb [email protected] [email protected] Abstract: The system of financing sports clubs in the Sažetak: Sustav financiranja sportskih klubova u Re- Republic of Croatia is the closest to a mixed model in publici Hrvatskoj najbliži je nekom mješovitom modelu which the main sources of financing are: budget funds u kojem se kao glavni izvori financiranja nameću: prora- and the economy. It is an indisputable fact that profes- čunska sredstva i gospodarstvo. Neprijeporna je činjenica sional sports clubs in the Republic of Croatia from the da su profesionalni sportski klubovi u Republici Hrvatskoj beginning of the 1990s until today have actually relied od početka devedesetih godina prošlog stoljeća, pa sve do mainly on city administrations and majority state- današnjih dana zapravo uglavnom u smislu financiranja owned companies in terms of funding. In the total rev- bili naslonjeni na gradske uprave i poduzeća u većin- enue structure of all major sports clubs in Croatia, all skom državnom vlasništvu. U ukupnoj strukturi prihoda other revenues including the private sector, TV rights, svih najvećih sportskih klubova u Hrvatskoj svi ostali pri- ticket revenues, revenues from own marketing, were ex- hodi koji uključuju privatni sektor, tv prava, prihode od tremely small and in fact such an inadequate revenue ulaznica, prihode od vlastitog marketinga, bili su iznimno structure of almost all clubs created “dependent clubs” mali i zapravo je takva neadekvatna prihodovna struktu- that have become existentially addicted to public money ra gotovo svih klubova stvorila „ovisne klubove“ koji su in the case of non-commercial sports, or in the case of u egzistencijalnom smislu postali ovisnici javnog novca u football addicted to UEFA revenues or player transfers slučaju nekomercijalnih sportova, ili pak u slučaju nogo- which in turn have great variability. The paper exam- meta ovisnici o prihodima od UEFE ili transfera igrača ines and proves that the greatest impact on reducing koji pak imaju veliki varijabilitet. U radu je ispitano i do- financial risk in business have their own revenues gen- kazano da najveći utjecaj na smanjenje finasijskog rizika erated by sports teams in Croatia. All the funds they u poslovanju imaju vlastiti prihodi koji ostvaruju sportski receive from the budget or from sponsors from the econ- kolektivi u Hrvatskoj. Sva sredstva koja dobiju iz proraču- omy are not enough to reduce the risk and the club to na ili od sponzora iz gospodarstva, nisu dovoljna da bi se operate without difficulty. rizik smanjio, a klub poslovao bez poteškoća. Keywords: sports club, financing, Sports Law, sports Ključne riječi: sportski klub, financiranje, zakon o joint stock company, citizens’ association. sportu, sportsko dioničko društvo, udruga građana. Introduction Uvod In addition to dependence on public money and Osim ovisništva o javnom novcu i varijabilnom variable or volatile income, clubs are further weakened odnosno nestabilnom prihodu, klubovi su dodatno osla- by inadequate management by established management bljeni neadekvatnim upravljanjem od strane postavljenih structures that often operate as “drunk millionaires”, upravljačkih struktura koje su nerijetko upravljale kao which leads to questioning the integrity and viability of „pijani milijunaši“ dovodeći u pitanje integritet i opstoj- clubs that were great in Europe. As a consequence of this nost klubova koji su bili velikani u europskim okvirima. synergy of dependence and mismanagement, the vast ma- Kao posljedica navedene sinergije ovisništva i lošeg Decembar/December, 2020 169 Vedran Šupuković, et al. Financing and Financial Risks of Professional Sports Clubs in the Republic of Croatia Sports Science and Health 10(2):169-186 jority of Croatian professional clubs have been brought upravljanja velika većina hrvatskih profesionalnih klubo- into a situation of struggle for a bare existence, includ- va dovela se u situaciju borbe za golu egzistenciju uklju- ing going into pre-bankruptcy settlements (BC Cibona, čujući odlazak u predstečajne nagodbe ( KK Cibona, KK BC Zadar, CAWPC Mladost, BC Split, FC Osijek, etc.) Zadar, HAVK Mladost, KK Split, NK Osijek itd.) i na taj thus saving the competition status in national leagues, način spašavajuci natjecateljski status u nacionalnim li- but questioning the financial-existential and sports-per- gama, ali dovodeći u pitanje financijsko-egzistencijalni i formance integrity of clubs that won titles in the most sportsko-rezultatski integritet klubova koji su za vrijeme prestigious European competitions during the former bivše države osvajali titule u najprestižnijim europskim state, often in continuity as is the case in BC Cibona, BC natjecanjima, često i u kontinuitetu kao što je slučaj u Split (ex Jugoplastika) or CAWPC Mladost who in total primjerima KK Cibone, KK Splita (ex Jugoplastike) ili won more than 10 titles of European basketball and water HAVK Mladosti koji su u zbroju osvojili više od 10 titula polo champions in the 1970s and 1980s. Therefore, it can europskih prvaka u košarci i vaterpolu u sedamdesetim be concluded that the financing of sports clubs that are i osamdesetim godinama prošlog stoljeća. Prema tome, not based on solid foundations and their activities carries može se zaključiti da finasiranje sportskih klubova koji financial risk. The aim of the research is to determine, nisu zasnovani na čvrstim temeljima i svojoj djelatnosti on the basis of primary data, the extent to which certain nosi financijski rizik. Cilj rada je na osnovu primarnih business parameters affect the reduction of financial risk podataka utvrditi koliko određeni parametri poslovanja of sports clubs in Croatia. utiču na smanjenje finasijskog rizika sportskih klubova According to the above, it is considered justified to u Hrvatskoj. set the following hypothesis, which reads: Prema navedenom, smatra se opravdanim postaviti The greatest impact among budget funds (local com- sljedeću hipotezu rada, a koja glasi: Najveći utjecaj iz- munities), economy and own revenues on reducing the fi- među proračunskih sredstava (lokalnih zajednica), gos- nancial risk of sports clubs in Croatia is borne by their podarstva i vlastitih prihoda na smanjenje finasijskog ri- own revenues, and these factors are strongly correlated. zika sportskih klubova u Hrvatskoj imaju vlastiti prihodi, The multiple regression model analyzed the impact te se nalaze u najjačoj korelacionoj vezi. of certain independent variables, in the form of differ- Multipli regresioni model je analizirao uticaj odre- ent forms of funding, where funding from state budgets, đenih nezavisnih varijabli, u vidu različitih oblika finasi- funding through sponsorship, and funding from own ac- ranja, a gdje je uzeto finasiranje putem državnih prora- tivities (membership fees, revenues from European com- čuna, finasiranje uz pomoć sponzoriranja, te finasiranje petitions, TV rights, youth facilities, viewers etc.) were iz vlastitih aktivnosti (članarina, prihodi od evropskih taken into consideration. takmičenja, tv prava, omladinski pogoni, gledaoci itd.). Sources of financing of sports teams in Croatia Izvori finasiranja sportskih kolektiva u Hrvatskoj and organizational structure i organizaciona struktura When it comes to financing sports in the Republic of Kada je u pitanju financiranje sporta u Republici Croatia from budget funds, we must divide these budget Hrvatskoj iz proračunskih sredstava, onda ta proračunska funds into three parts, namely: (FINA, 2018) sredstva moramo podijeliti na tri dijela, i to na: (FINA, - Money from the state budget, at HRK 400 mil- 2018) lion per year by which the state finances sports - Novac iz državnog proračuna, i to na 400 mi- through the Central State Office for Sports, which lijuna kn godišnje kojim država financira sport finances the Croatian Olympic Committee and putem Središnjeg državnog ureda za sport koji national federations, financira hrvatski olimpijski odbor i nacionalne - Money from city and municipal budgets that fi- saveze, nance professional and amateur clubs at the level - Novac iz gradskih i općinskih proračuna kojima of cities and municipalities that are mainly regis- se financiraju profesionalni i amaterski klubovi tered as citizens’ associations; na nivou gradova i općina koji su uglavnom regi- - Money from city budgets by which cities fi- strirani kao udruge građana; nance sports clubs that have been transformed - Novac iz gradskih proračuna kojima gradovi fi- into sports joint stock companies on the basis of nanciraju sportske klubove koji su temeljem za- the Sports Law, and the cities are shareholders, kona o športu preoblikovani u športska dionička which,

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