gm i'W ' ©Jerenca SHEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY FMI-140 s ^ I ' ¡‘io 30 9 I ü¿0 Ncxi OCTOBER 986 Îà)$A JLp HEL ORTER ERY ^«a T>° p°V* DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION. This publication contains technical or operational information that Is for official govemment'use only. Distribution is limited to US government agencies. Requests from outside the US government for release of this publication under the Freedom of Information Act or the Foreign Military Sales Program must be made to Commander, TRADOC, Fort Monroe, VA 23651-5000. \ t I I ) \ FIELD MANUAL Tc *FM 1-140 NO 1-140 HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY •JLo IWîL, Does WASHINGTON, DC, 23 OCTOBER 1986 HELICOPTER FMI-140 GUNNERY CONTENTS Page PREFACE Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1-1.\Standards in Training Commission Program. .1-1 1-2. Aviator Progression. 1-1 1-3. Training Strategy .. 1-1 1-4. Gunnery Tables 1-2 1-5. Continuation Training. 1-2 Chapter 2 BALLISTIC \ 2-1. Interior Ballisticsistii 2-1 2-2. Exterior Ballistics.Ißt! 2-1 2-3. Aerial Ballistics'!cs\. 2-2 2-4. Terminal Ballistitics 2-6 2- \. 52-7 . Dispersion Chapter 3 DELIVERY TECHNIQ ES Section I SIGHTING TECHNIQUESSNA! ND CONSIDERATIONS 3- 13-1 . Boresighting 3-2. Preflight Considerations 3-1 3-3. Special Considerations. 3-1 Section II MODES AND TYPES OF FIRE 3-4. Modes of Fire 3-3 3- 53-3 . Types of Fire Chapter 4 UNIT GUNNERY TRAINING PROGRAM Section I UNIT GUNNERY 4- 14-1 . Unit Gunnery Training Considerations 4-2. The Commander’s Assessment 4-1 4-3. Night Training 4-2 H'his publication supersedes FM 17-40,30 September 1983. 4-4. Safety Considerations 4-3 4-5. Pregunnery Considerations 4-3 4-6. TOW/Helifire Qualification Alternatives 4-10 4-7. Care and Handling of Ammunition 4-10 4-8. Artillery Procedures 4-11 4-9. Joint Air Attack Team 4-14 4-10. Explanation of Gunnery Tables 4-14 Section il DOOR GUNNERY 4-11. Aerial Door Gunnery Training 4-85 4-12. Training Program 4-85 4-13. Personnel Requirements 4-89 4-14. M60D Ammunition Authorization, Firing Tables, and Standards 4-89 4-15. Fundamentals of Fire Control 4-89 4-16. Firing Techniques 4-90 4-17. Sight Pictures 4-91 4- 18. Fire Adjustment 4-91 Chapter 5 RANGES Section I RANGE REQUIREMENTS 5- 1. Range Considerations 5-1 5-2. Realistic T raining 5-1 5-3. Facilities Requirements 5-2 5-4. Equipment Requirements 5-2 5-5. Personnel Requirements 5-3 Section II PERSONNEL RESPONSIBILITIES AND DUTIES 5-6. Officer in Charge 5-3 5-7. Range Safety Officer 5-3 5-8. Instructor Pilot/Unit Trainer 5-5 5-9. Range Control Officer 5-5 5-10. Laser Range Safety Officer/NCO 5-6 5-11. Radio Operator/Controller 5-6 5-12. Senior Armorer 5-6 5-13. Ammunition Identification 5-6 5-14. Logistical Requirements 5-7 Section III AERIAL GUNNERY RANGE SAFETY 5-15. Ground Safety 5-7 5-16. Firing Safety 5-7 5-17. Aircraft Emergency Plan 5-9 Section IV RANGE LAYOUT 5-18. Considerations 5-10 5-19. Markers 5-10 5-20. Targets 5-10 5-21. Multipurpose Range Complex 5-10 APPENDIX A CHARACTERISTICS OF AERIAL WEAPON SYSTEMS ... A-1 APPENDIX B TRAINING DEVICES B-1 APPENDIX C SUGGESTED SCORER/EVALUATOR TRAINING PROGRAM C-1 APPENDIX D FEATURES AND SYSTEMS OF THE AH-1S(MC) D-1 APPENDIX E FIRING WEAPON SYSTEMS OF THE AH-IS(ECAS) E-1 APPENDIX F FIRING WEAPON SYSTEMS OF THE AH-1 (MOD) AND AH-IS(PROD) . F-1 APPENDIX G FIRING WEAPON SYSTEMS OF THE AH-1 G G-1 APPENDIX H UH-1 B, UH-1C, AND UH-1M WEAPON SYSTEMS AND SUBSYSTEMS H-1 APPENDIX I FIRING WEAPON SYSTEMS OF THE AH-64 M GLOSSARY '. Glossary-1 REFERENCES References-1 INDEX Index-1 PREFACE Successful mission accomplishment on today’s air-land battlefield requires that attack helicopter crews place effective fire on the enemy without being destroyed themselves. The key to effective helicopter gunnery is a realistic training program. This manual recommends an aerial gunnery training program that enables a unit to attainand maintain combat proficiency. Aerial gunnery tables for qualification and continuation training of crews and teams are included. Examples are given of aerial gunnery skills tests, score- cards, and range layouts for an aerial gunnery program. The purpose of this field manual is to improve the ability of the helicopter crew to place rounds on the target rapidly and accurately. This includes mastering basic aircraft flying techniques, target detection skills, and accurate range estimation. It also includes using sound judgment in selecting techniques and methods of engagement. This manual explains the fundamentals of ballistics as applied to helicopter gunnery. This includes classifications, descriptions, and interaction of projectiles with air masses. The manual also describes the types and modes of fire used with the various weapon subsystems of attack and utility helicopters and establishes methods of adjusting indirect fire. Additional guidance on the combined arms team’s combat mission and its execution can be found in FM 100-5. FM1-100 is the keystone manual for employment of aviation. Specific guidance on employ- ment and mission execution of combat aviation units may be found in other publications listed in FM 1 -100. This publication is intended for commanders and staffs and all other personnel involved in coordinating, planning, and executing attack helicopter gunnery or aerial door gunnery. The publication contains technical material such as that on weapon systems of attack and utility helicopters. The proponent of this publication is HQ TRADOC. Submit changes for improving this publication on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms), and forward it to Com- mander, United States Army Aviation Center and Fort Rucker, ATTN: ATZQ-TDD, Fort Rucker, AL 36362-5000. The provisions of this publication are the subject of international agreements: ST AN AGs 2951 (QSTAG 769) Non-Electronic Communications for Helicopters 3117 (Air Std 44/42) Aircraft Marshalling Signals Unless otherwise stated, whenever the masculine gender is used, both men and women are included. This publication has been reviewed for OPSEC considerations. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This field manual explains the fundamentals of ballistics and techniques, various types, and modes of fire. It recommends an aerial gunnery program and describes the characteristics of aerial weapon systems for all attack platforms. This manual also provides updated aerial gunnery tables for qualification and continuation training and discusses current and future training devices being fielded to assist in gunnery training. In addition, it describes administration and logistical considerations required for the training program. 1-1. STANDARDS IN TRAINING instructional techniques. This reduces the work COMMISSION PROGRAM load of instructor pilots during gunnery exercises. In selecting UTs, commanders should consider this o. STRAC was developed to determine the as a possible grooming stage before IP selection. quantities and type of munitions essential for soldiers, crews, and units to attain and sustain 1-3. TRAINING STRATEGY weapon proficiency. STRAC emphasizes making maximum use of training aids, devices, simulators, and subcaliber firing. a. The commander develops the training strategy for aerial gunnery. This allows him to attain and maintain the unit’s gunnery program at b. The ammunition authorizations as prescribed by STRAC are the maximum amounts authorized a designated level based on the unit’s mission and per airframe. These authorizations are determined availability of resources. The gunnery program by the training readiness condition of the unit. begins with individual training—conducted at Fort Commanders should evaluate their training Rucker—and progresses to a maintainable level, programs to ensure maximum qualification and preferably team, appropriate for the unit’s mission. continuation training with the ammunition available. b. It is unrealistic and wasteful for a unit to begin each qualification or gunnery-training cycle 1-2. AVIATOR PROGRESSION at ground zero. The unit’s level of proficiency should be maintained from the previous year, a. Initial training of attack pilots is conducted in considering personnel changes and ammunition one of the attack helicopter Aviator Qualification and range constraints. Additionally, proficiency Courses at Fort Rucker, Alabama. Pilots who levels of experienced aviators must be recognized. successfully complete AQC are considered qualified The gunnery program must be flexible to avoid the on individual tables. They will not be required to redundancy of live-fire training of basic tasks. This execute individual tables upon arrival at their unit. should not, however, excuse gunnery-proficient Newly qualified aviators should commence train- aviators from taking part in aerial gunnery skills ing as part of a crew or team at the discretion of test training before each range. These personnel the commander. may assist IPs/UTs in training those individuals who are not as proficient in AGST tasks. b. Once established in the unit’s gunnery program, aviators should maintain a level of c. Commanders must be flexible in their proficiency designated by the commander. continuation training program. Continuation Commanders should strive to maintain personnel training will be an ongoing event, not just an at team level. annual exercise six months after qualification. With the influx of new personnel, the commander c. Unit trainers should play an integral role in may deem it necessary to conduct crew qualifi- the unit’s gunnery program. In addition to cation in conjunction with continuation training. possessing a thorough knowledge of aircraft Depending on the availability of resources, the weapon systems, UTs are highly skilled in commander may conduct this training many times 1-1 per year. Although the commander has flexibility unit’s mission.