IAEA-TECDOC-768 Research and development of controlled release formulations of pesticides VolumeI Development and evaluation of controlled release formulations of pesticides Proceedings seminara of organized by the Joint FAO/IAEA Division Nuclearof Techniques Food in Agriculture and held Vienna,and in September6-9 1993 INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY October 1994 The IAEA does not normally maintain stocks of reports in this series. However, microfiche copies of these reports can be obtained from INIS Clearinghouse International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramerstrasse5 0 10 x P.OBo . A-1400 Vienna, Austria Orders should be accompanied by prepayment of Austrian Schillings 100, for e for e chequa th f m th IAEf m o n i o n i r Aeo microfiche service coupons orderee whicb y hdma separately fro INIe mth S Clearinghouse. The originating Section of this document in the IAEA was: Agrochemical Residued san s Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramerstrasse5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria RESEARC DEVELOPMEND HAN F TO CONTROLLED RELEASE FORMULATIONS OF PESTICIDES VOLUME I DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF CONTROLLED RELEASE FORMULATION PESTICIDEF SO S IAEA, VIENNA, 1994 IAEA-TECDOC-768 ISSN 1011-4289 Printed by the IAEA in Austria October 1994 FOREWORD Pesticides are commonly used for the control of pests of agriculture and vectors of human and animal diseases. However, their use may involve risks to human health and the environment . pesticide Mosth f o t e released intenvironmene oth loss i t t before reachins git target. The loss occurs due to physical, chemical or biological factors. Some pesticides are more persistent than others e morTh .e persistent pesticide n accumulatca s e th i h e environment and, thereby, prove hazardou non-targeo st t species. Therefore, ther greates ei r emphasis on phasing those persistent pesticides out and on developing less persistent but more selective pesticides. Because of the cost and other limitations in the development of new pesticides increasing attentio beins ni gdesige paith f o improvedt no d deliver pesticidese th f yo n A . effective way to improve the performance of the pesticides is to improve formulations. Controlled release technology offers the opportunity to develop formulations which can improv performance eth f pesticideo e increasiny sb g their efficac safetd makind an y an y g them environmentally less harmful. Recognizing these potential advantages in the use of controlled release technolog Joine yth t FAO/IAEA Divisio Nucleaf no r Technique i Foosh d and Agriculture in 1988 initiated the Co-ordinated Research Programme on Research and Developmen f Controlleo t d Release Formulation f Pesticideso s s designewa t I . assiso dt t scientist developinf so g Member State conduco st t researc developmene th n hi controllef o t d release formulation pesticidef o s s utilizing nuclear techniques programme Th . divides ewa d into two sub-programmes: (i) Development of controlled release formulations of herbicides e controfoth r f e rice-fisweedo lth ricn d i s an eh ecosystem d (iian ), Developmenf o t improved formulation f insecticideo s contro e tsetse th th r f programme sfo o l flyTh . s ewa completed in 1988 and an international seminar was held to review the status of research in these areas. IAEe Th Agratefus i mane th yo t l expert havo sewh contribute thio dt s document either as participants in the co-ordinated research programme or as participants in the seminar. The IAEA officer responsibl finae th lr compilatioefo f thino s documen . HussainM e s th wa tf o , Joint FAO/IAEA Divisio f Nucleano r Technique Foon si Agricultured dan . EDITORIAL NOTE In preparing this document for press, staff of the IAEA have made up the pages from the original manuscripts as submitted by the authors. The views expressed do not necessarily reflect those governmentsofthe nominatingthe of Member nominating the States of or organizations. Theof use particular designations countriesof territoriesor does imply judgementnot any by publisher,the legalthe IAEA,to the status as of such countries territories,or of their authoritiesand institutions delimitationthe of or of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. The authors are responsible for having obtained the necessary permission for the IAEA to reproduce, translate materialuse or from sources already protected copyrights.by CONTENTS SUMMAR SEMINAE TH F YO R .....................................7 . Controlled release delivery of agrochemicals: Looking back and looking forward ........ 13 G.G. Allan, J.P. Carroll UNIDO's international activities in pesticides and controlled-release formulations ........ 23 B. Sugavanam Molecular encapsulation of pesticides with cyclodextrins ....................... 35 J. Szejtli, L. Szente Novel clay carriers for the controlled release of organic agrochemicals .............. 47 Z. Gerstl, U. Mingelgrin, A. Nasser Infrare FT-Ramad dan n studie pesticide-organoclaf so y interaction relation si n with fixation-release processes ......................................... 59 R. Prost, A. Vimond-Laboudigue Polyethylene (PE) film formulation incorporated with herbicide metolachlor for controlled-release .............................................9 6 . Byung-Youl Jin-HwaOh, Kirn Radiochemical preparatio polyacrylamidf no e hydrogel agriculturn i thei d e san rus e .....1 8 . P. Yousefzadeh, M.S. Khadjavi, M. Sohrabpour Novel controlled-release (CR) agrochemical formulations: Development and evaluations .... 91 Rajagopalan,N. Bhaskar,C. P.G. Shukla, AmarnaihN. Preparation of controlled-release starch encapsulated pesticides: Advantages and opportunitie extrusiof so n processing .................................l Il . U.E. Can Process studies, engineering feasibility and cost analysis for starch encapsulation of herbicide co-rotatine th n so g twin screw extruder .........................5 12 . Grillo,J. M.S. Starer, M.E. Carr, PapazoglouE. Environmental factors affecting starch encapsulated herbicide rates of release .......... 139 T.J. Gish, B.J. Wienhold, ShirmohamadiA. Mobility, transpor environmentad an t l impac f starco t h encapsulated formulations of herbicides ................................................5 15 . M.V. Hickman, MM. Schreiber Efficacy of starch-encapsulated formulations of herbicides ....................... 169 MM. Schreiber, M. V. Hickman Starch encapsulatio f microbiano l pesticide r sustainesfo d activity .................3 18 . M.R. McGuire, B.S. Shasha The use of controlled-release technology to improve the performance and reduce the environmental impac herbicidef o t s ..................................7 19 . A. Flynn, P. Stork, J. Gittins, M. Finlay, K. Williams Kinetic studie f controlled-releasso e formulation f Diuroo s n containing pall moi mill effluent ................................................5 20 . B.M. Yamin, A.Sahali Mardi, R.B. Mohamad Efficac alginate th f o y e controlled-release formulation (CRF f thiobencar)o b herbicidr efo weed control in transplanted rice .................................... 215 H. R. Soltan Efficacy evaluation of controlled-release formulations of thiobencarb in rice ........... 225 CM. Bajet, I.E. Fabro Controlled-release herbicides in rice-fish culture: Evaluation of thiobencarb and butachlor formulations ..........................................9 23 . M. Soerjani, S. Warnoutomo Controlled-release herbicide formulations in rice and rice-fish culture ............... 249 M. Soerjani, S. Warnoutomo Field plot test of efficacy of thiobencarb formulations for weed control in direct seeded rice .............................................. 257 Omar,D. R.B. Mohamad Evaluatio f controlled-releasno e formulation f thiobencaro s rice-fisn bi h ecosystems using radiochemical techniques ........................................1 26 . Bajet,CM. L.C. Araez, E.D. Magallona Potted plants greenhouse efficace studth n thiobencaryf o y o b formulations against Echinochloa crusgalli in direct seeded rice (Abstract) ....................... 277 D. Omar, R.B. Mohamad Studieefficace th n herbicidef so o y ricn si e cultures (Abstract) ...................9 27 . /. Dombovari, M. Oncsik, L. Szilvassy Study on the dynamics of release of carbon-14 labelled herbicides from controlled-release formulation waten i s r (Abstract) ....................................1 28 . Fujun Wang, Mengwen HuaguoQi, Wang Studies on the efficacy of the controlled-release formulations of herbicides against weeds in transplanted rice (Abstract) ........................................ 283 Fujun Wang, Mengwen Qi, Genhai Yang, Huaguo Wang, Qianhua Guo Study on the fate of controlled-release formulation of carbon-14 thiobencarb in a model paddy ecosystem .......................................... 285 J.H. Sun, X.M. Li, Q.Z. Zhang, Z.Y. Chen Studies on the controlled release pesticide formulations for pest control in cotton and maize using isotope techniques .......................................... 287 F.F. Jamil, JamilM. Qureshi, Haq,A. S.H. Mujtaba Naqvi f controlleo e Us d release formulation f insecticideo s controe th r f termitesfo o l pests sa f so crops and forestry ............................................. 299 J.W.M. Logan Control of insect pests using slow release pheromone-containing devices ............. 311 F.S. Rankin Use of ionizing radiation in the