CHILD GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Child Growth and Development This text is disseminated via the Open Education Resource (OER) LibreTexts Project (https://LibreTexts.org) and like the hundreds of other texts available within this powerful platform, it freely available for reading, printing and "consuming." Most, but not all, pages in the library have licenses that may allow individuals to make changes, save, and print this book. Carefully consult the applicable license(s) before pursuing such effects. Instructors can adopt existing LibreTexts texts or Remix them to quickly build course-specific resources to meet the needs of their students. Unlike traditional textbooks, LibreTexts’ web based origins allow powerful integration of advanced features and new technologies to support learning. 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This text was compiled on 09/17/2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1: CHILD GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT (PARIS, RICARDO, RYMOND AND JOHNSON) This text is a presentation of how and why children grow, develop, and learn. We will look at how we change physically over time from conception through adolescence. We examine cognitive change, or how our ability to think and remember changes over the first 20 years or so of life. And we will look at how our emotions, psychological state, and social relationships change throughout childhood and adolescence. 00: FRONT MATTER TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO CHILD DEVELOPMENT 1.1.1: PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT 1.1.2: PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT 1.1.3: ISSUES IN DEVELOPMENT 1.1.4: RESEARCH METHODS 1.1.5: DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES 1.1.S: SUMMARY 1.2: CONCEPTION, HEREDITY, AND PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT 1.2.1: HEREDITY 1.2.2: PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT 1.2.S: SUMMARY 1.3: BIRTH AND THE NEWBORN 1.3.1: PREPARING FOR CHILDBIRTH 1.3.2: CHILDBIRTH 1.3.3: THE NEWBORN 1.3.S: SUMMARY 1.4: PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY AND TODDLERHOOD 1.4.1: RAPID PHYSICAL CHANGES 1.4.2: PROPORTIONS OF THE BODY 1.4.3: REFLEXES 1.4.4: GROSS MOTOR SKILLS 1.4.5: FINE MOTOR SKILLS 1.4.6: SENSORY CAPACITIES 1.4.7: NUTRITION 1.4.8: HEALTH 1.4.9: SLEEP 1.4.S: SUMMARY 1.5: 5. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY AND TODDLERHOOD 1.5.1: PIAGET 1.5.2: VYGOTSKY 1.5.3: COGNITIVE MILESTONES 1.5.4: LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT 1.5.5: THEORIES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, LEARNING, AND MEMORY 1.5.6: MEMORY AND ATTENTION BACK MATTER INDEX GLOSSARY 1 9/16/2021 00: Front Matter This page was auto-generated because a user created a sub-page to this page. 00.1 9/9/2021 https://socialsci.libretexts.org/@go/page/41476 Table of Contents This text is a presentation of how and why children grow, develop, and learn. We will look at how we change physically over time from conception through adolescence. We examine cognitive change, or how our ability to think and remember changes over the first 20 years or so of life. And we will look at how our emotions, psychological state, and social relationships change throughout childhood and adolescence. 00: Front Matter Table of Contents 1.1: Introduction to Child Development Welcome to Child Growth and Development. This text is a presentation of how and why children grow, develop, and learn. We will look at how we change physically over time from conception through adolescence. We examine cognitive change, or how our ability to think and remember changes over the first 20 years or so of life. And we will look at how our emotions, psychological state, and social relationships change throughout childhood and adolescence.1 1.1.1: Principles of Development 1.1.2: Periods of Development 1.1.3: Issues in Development 1.1.4: Research Methods 1.1.5: Developmental Theories 1.1.S: Summary 1.2: Conception, Heredity, and Prenatal Development In this chapter, we will begin by examining some of the ways in which heredity helps to shape the way we are. We will look at what happens genetically during conception, and describe some known genetic and chromosomal disorders. Next we will consider what happens during prenatal development, including the impact of teratogens. We will also discuss the impact that both the mother and father have on the developing fetus. 1.2.1: Heredity 1.2.2: Prenatal Development 1.2.S: Summary 1.3: Birth and the Newborn After around 266 days of developing inside the womb (for a full-term pregnancy), comes the arduous process of childbirth. After birth, newborns have to regulate their own body temperature, breathe for themselves, and take in all of their nutrition through feeding. Let’s look at both the process of birth and some attributes of the newborn. 1.3.1: Preparing for Childbirth 1.3.2: Childbirth 1.3.3: The Newborn 1.3.S: Summary 1.4: Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood Welcome to the story of development from infancy through toddlerhood; from birth until about two years of age. Researchers have given this part of the life span more attention than any other period, perhaps because changes during this time are so dramatic and so noticeable and perhaps because we have assumed that what happens during these years provides a foundation for one’s life to come. 1.4.1: Rapid Physical Changes 1.4.2: Proportions of the Body 1.4.3: Reflexes 1.4.4: Gross Motor Skills 1 9/9/2021 https://socialsci.libretexts.org/@go/page/41477 1.4.5: Fine Motor Skills 1.4.6: Sensory Capacities 1.4.7: Nutrition 1.4.8: Health 1.4.9: Sleep 1.4.S: Summary 1.5: 5. Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood In an effort to better understand the large spectrum of cognition that infants and toddlers go through, it is important to analyze and comprehend various theories that relate to their growth and development. This chapter will take a look at the following theorists: Piaget, Vygotsky, Chomsky, Skinner, Pavlov, Watson, Bandura, and Bronfenbrenner. 1.5.1: Piaget 1.5.2: Vygotsky 1.5.3: Cognitive Milestones 1.5.4: Language Development 1.5.5: Theories of Cognitive Development, Learning, and Memory 1.5.6: Memory and Attention 2 9/9/2021 https://socialsci.libretexts.org/@go/page/41477 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO CHILD DEVELOPMENT Welcome to Child Growth and Development. This text is a presentation of how and why children grow, develop, and learn. We will look at how we change physically over time from conception through adolescence. We examine cognitive change, or how our ability to think and remember changes over the first 20 years or so of life. And we will look at how our emotions, psychological state, and social relationships change throughout childhood and adolescence.1 1.1.1: PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT 1.1.2: PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT 1.1.3: ISSUES IN DEVELOPMENT 1.1.4: RESEARCH METHODS 1.1.5: DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES 1.1.S: SUMMARY 1 9/16/2021 1.1.1: Principles of Development There are several underlying principles of development to keep in mind: Development is lifelong and change is apparent across the lifespan (although this text ends with adolescence). And early experiences affect later development. Development is multidirectional. We show gains in some areas of development while showing loss in other areas. Development is multidimensional. We change across three general domains/dimensions; physical, cognitive, and social and emotional. The physical domain includes changes in height and weight, changes in gross and fine motor skills, sensory capabilities, the nervous system, as well as the propensity for disease and illness. The cognitive domain encompasses the changes in intelligence, wisdom, perception, problem-solving, memory, and language. The social and emotional domain (also referred to as psychosocial) focuses on changes in emotion, self-perception, and interpersonal relationships with families, peers, and friends. All three domains influence each other. It is also important to note that a change in one domain may cascade and prompt changes in the other domains.