Detailed Table of Contents Preface.................................................................................................................................................. xv Chapter 1 RecordsManagementandOpenDatainHealthcareProvisioninAfrica:ReflectionsandLessons forBotswana........................................................................................................................................... 1 Peter Mazebe II Mothataesi Sebina, University of Botswana, Botswana Balulwami Grand, University of Botswana, Botswana AlthoughthereisrecognitionthatopendatacanleadtoimprovementsamonglivesinAfricaarising fromavailabilityandaccesstohealthcaredata,thischapteradvancesthatacriticalelementofopendata whichisoftenoverlookedandlittleregardedmosttimes,isrecordsmanagement.Thechapterarguesthat thekeyelementsofopendataisthatdatamustbeavailableonplatformswhichareeasilyaccessibleand easytomanipulateforpurposesofuseandreuse;transparencyoftheopendataprocess;information security;informationprivacy,andfinallytrustwhichcouldleadtoacceptance,reuseofdataandalso emergingencouragementamongcitizensthatdataisworthaccessing,usingandreusing,areallmade possiblebygoodpublicsectorrecordsmanagement.Recordsmanagement,thischaptershows,isaclear meansthroughwhicheffectiveopendataespeciallyinhealthcaremaybeachieved.Whilethechapter drawsoutlessonswhichBotswanacouldlearnfromandmakesrecommendationsforworkableopen datainthecountry’spublichealthsector,thesearenonethelessapplicabletomanyAfricancountries .andothersinthedevelopingworld Chapter 2 BigDataandHealthcare:ImplicationsforMedicalandHealthCareinLowResourceCountries..... 14 Kgomotso H. Moahi, University of Botswana, Botswana Thischapterexplorestheconceptofbigdataanditsapplicationtohealthandmedicalcareindeveloping ,countries.Itexploreswhatbigdataisandhowitcanbeappliedtohealthcareandmedicine.Todothis .thefirstsectionsaddressthequestionofwhatbigdataanddataanalyticsareandwhattheyencompass Anexplorationofthepotentialbenefitsofbigdataisprovided,withexamplesofapplications,mostof whicharefromthemoredevelopednationsoftheUnitedStatesandEurope.Thechapterthenconsiders whatmightbepossiblefromimplementingbigdatainlowresourcecountries,withsomeexamplesof whatalreadypertains.Itlooksatthechallengesofimplementingbigdatainhealthcareinbothdeveloped .andlowresourcecountries   Chapter 3 OpenSourceTechnologyforMedicalPracticeinDevelopingCountries............................................ 33 Afton Chavez, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, USA Carrie Kovarik, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA This chapter provides an overview of the role of open source technologies in medical practice in developingcountries.First,thebackgroundandmeaningof“opensource”isexplored.Second,several fieldsofopensourceimplementationaredescribed.Withineachfield,specificcasestudiesareprovided toillustratehowthetechnologieshavebeenadaptedtothedevelopingworldforusageininformation ,andcommunicationsharing,electronicdatamanagement,mobiledatacollection,diseasemapping scholarlypublication,andeducation.Theissuesandcontroversies,aswellasfutureresearchdirections .andsolutionsareaddressed Chapter 4 ,KnowledgeSharingforHealthcareandMedicineinDevelopingCountries:Opportunities,Issues andExperiences.................................................................................................................................... 60 Kgomotso H. Moahi, University of Botswana, Botswana Kelvin J. Bwalya, University of Johannesburg, South Africa Thischapterfocusesonknowledgesharingbyhealthprofessionalsintheprovisionofhealthcareand ;medicineindevelopingcountries.Itcoversknowledgemanagementanditslinkwithknowledgesharing the various methods of knowledge sharing in healthcare; factors that make knowledge sharing an importantstrategicdirectionforhealthcareorganizations;andfactorsandissuesthataffectordetermine -knowledgesharingbehavior.Finally,examplesofknowledgesharingindevelopingorlowandmiddle incomecountriesarepresented.Thechaptershowsthatdevelopingcountrieshaverecognizedthevalue -ofknowledgesharinginhealthcaresystemsandtherearetangiblesignsthatthisisgoingtoshapecross .pollinationofideasandinnovationsinthehealthsystemsintheforeseeablefuture Chapter 5 ViralEducationviaMobilePhone:VirtualInternationalNetworksandEbolaPreventioninSierra Leone..................................................................................................................................................... 78 Julia Bello-Bravo, University of Illinois – Urbana Champaign, USA Anne Namatsi Lutomia, University of Illinois – Urbana Champaign, USA Thomas Songu, Njala University, Sierra Leone Barry Robert Pittendrigh, Michigan State University, USA ThischapterdocumentsastrategyforthedevelopmentanddeploymentofeducationalcontentonEbola .preventionandtreatmenttargetedatlow-literatelearnersspeakingdiverselanguagesinSierraLeone DuringtheoutbreakofEbolainSierraLeone,NjalaUniversitypartneredwithScientificAnimations WithoutBorders(SAWBO)attheUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaigntocreateeducational animationsonEbola.Drawingonaninternationalnetworkofcollaborators,theseanimationswerethen placedintomultiplelanguagesforSierraLeone.NjalaUniversityinturnactedasthecentralhubfor engaginglocalpartnergroupstodeploythiscontentthroughoutSierraLeone.Thischapterdescribes thedevelopmentprocesswhichoccurredduringtheoutbreaksandtheICTtoolsnowavailabletothe globalhealthcommunity.Theeducationalanimationscreatedduringthe2014Ebolaoutbreakarenow availableinmultiplelanguagesforSierraLeone,aswellasthoseofotherWestAfricancountries,along withahighlyscalabledeploymentpathwaythatcanberapidlyoperationalizedduringfutureoutbreaks .ormodeledforotheroutbreakorhealthcrisissituations  Chapter 6 MobilePhonesandExpandingHumanCapabilitiesinPluralHealthSystems.................................... 93 Steven Sam, The University of Queensland, Australia ThischapterexplorestheintegrationofmobilephonesintothelocalhealthcultureinSierraLeoneto advancehealthcaredeliverytomarginalisedcommunities.ItdrawsonAmartyaSen’scapabilityapproach toconceptualisethemobilephoneasapotentialtechnologytoexpandhealthcarecapabilitiesinan -environmentofscarcehealthcareresources.Itbuildsonethnographicdatacollectedthroughmixed methodsfromruralandurbancommunitiesinSierraLeonetoanalysethedifferentactors,dynamicsand practicesofhealthcarebehavioursinapluralhealthcaresystem.Theanalysisshowsincreasingtrends towardsmobilephoneusagetoeasehealthcarecommunicationandinformationpoverty.Mobilephones enablemarginalisedpublicstocollapsedistanceandreducetimeandhealthinfrastructuralconstraintsto seekhealthcarewithintheirabilities.It,however,concludesthattofullyharnessandmaintainsustainable mobile phone-enabled healthcare in Sierra Leone requires the need for an appropriate institutional .configurationtofosteranintegratedhealthcareinformationsystemmanagementandservicedelivery Chapter 7 ImplementationofMobileHealthInitiativesinMalawi:CurrentStatus,Issues,andChallenges..... 115 Donald Flywell Malanga, University of Livingstonia, Malawi ThischapterreviewsthemHealthinitiativesbeingimplementedinMalawibydrawingontwocase studies:ChipatalaChaPaFoni(CCPF)ProjectforimprovingMaternal,Newborn,andChildHealth MNCH)andRapidSMSProjectforimprovingtheChildNutritionSurveillance.Thechapteralso) examines the success stories experienced in the implementation of the projects; and identifies the ,challengesthathamperedtheadoptionandscalabilityofthemHealthprojects.Basedonthechallenges thechaptermakesrecommendationthatMalawiandotherdevelopingcountriesmayadoptforscaling .uporreplicatingsimilarmHealthprogrammes Chapter 8 TelemedicineinLowResourceSettings:ACaseforBotswana......................................................... 129 Kagiso Ndlovu, University of Botswana, Botswana Kabelo Leonard Mauco, Boitekanelo College, Botswana Ryan Littman-Quinn, Botswana- UPenn Partnership, Botswana Thischapterfocusesontelemedicinepracticesinlowresourcesettings,referencingkeytelemedicine initiativesinBotswana.Telemedicineishighlypracticedinthedevelopedworld,andrecentlythereis anincreasinginterestinthedevelopingworld.Currentliteraturesuggeststelemedicineasanimportant toolforimprovinghealthcaredeliveryforlowresourcesettings,hencetheauthors’interestinexploring thecurrentstatusoftelemedicinepracticeswithreferencetotelemedicineprojectsfromlowresource settingssuchasBotswana.Thechapterrevealsthattelemedicineinsuchsettingsismainlyimplemented throughmobilephones,alsoknownasmobilehealth(mHealth).Inthischapter,theauthorsdiscussfactors