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Biographical Memoirs V.78 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9977.html i Biographical Memoirs NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES riginal paper book, not from the the authoritative version for attribution. ing-specific formatting, however, cannot be About PDFthis file: This new digital representation of original workthe has been recomposed XMLfrom files created from o the original typesetting files. breaks Page are true the line lengths, word to original; breaks, heading styles, and other typesett aspublication this inserted.Please versionoftypographicerrors have been accidentallyretained, and some print use the may Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. ii riginal paper book, not from the the authoritative version for attribution. ing-specific formatting, however, cannot be http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9977.html Biographical MemoirsV.78 Copyright © National Academy ofSciences. Allrights reserved. About PDFthis file: This new digital representation of original workthe has been recomposed XMLfrom files created from o the original typesetting files. breaks Page are true the line lengths, word to original; breaks, heading styles, and other typesett aspublication this inserted.Please versionoftypographicerrors have been accidentallyretained, and some print use the may Biographical Memoirs V.78 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9977.html iii Biographical Memoirs NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA riginal paper book, not from the VOLUME 78 the authoritative version for attribution. ing-specific formatting, however, cannot be NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS WASHINGTON, D.C.2000 About PDFthis file: This new digital representation of original workthe has been recomposed XMLfrom files created from o the original typesetting files. breaks Page are true the line lengths, word to original; breaks, heading styles, and other typesett aspublication this inserted.Please versionoftypographicerrors have been accidentallyretained, and some print use the may Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Biographical Memoirs V.78 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9977.html iv The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by Act of Congress as a private, non- profit, self-governing membership corporation for the furtherance of science and technology, required to advise the federal government upon request within its fields of competence. Under its corporate charter the Academy established the National Research Council in 1916, the National Academy of Engineering in 1964, and the Institute of Medicine in 1970. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BOOK NUMBER 0-309-7035-X INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER 0077-2933 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER 5-26629 Available from NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS 2101 CONSTITUTION AVENUE, N.W. WASHINGTON, D.C.20418 riginal paper book, not from the PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA the authoritative version for attribution. ing-specific formatting, however, cannot be About PDFthis file: This new digital representation of original workthe has been recomposed XMLfrom files created from o the original typesetting files. breaks Page are true the line lengths, word to original; breaks, heading styles, and other typesett aspublication this inserted.Please versionoftypographicerrors have been accidentallyretained, and some print use the may Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Biographical Memoirs V.78 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9977.html CONTENTS v CONTENTS riginal paper book, not from the the authoritative version for attribution. PREFACE vii ing-specific formatting, however, cannot be ROBERT COOLEY ELDERFIELD 3 BY NELSON J. LEONARD GERTRUDE B. ELION 17 BY MARY ELLEN AVERY EDWARD VAUGHAN EVARTS 31 BY WILLIAM THOMAS THACH, JR.. EDWARD C. FRANKLIN 45 BY HENRY METZGER CLIFFORD GROBSTEIN 65 BY NORMAN K. WESSELLS JEROME CLARKE HUNSAKER 95 BY JACK L. KERREBROCK PHILIP F. LOW 109 BY W. R. GARDNER AND C. B. ROTH About PDFthis file: This new digital representation of original workthe has been recomposed XMLfrom files created from o the original typesetting files. breaks Page are true the line lengths, word to original; breaks, heading styles, and other typesett aspublication this inserted.Please versionoftypographicerrors have been accidentallyretained, and some print use the may Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Biographical Memoirs V.78 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9977.html CONTENTS vi ROBERT FRANKLIN MEHL 129 BY C. S. SMITH AND W. W. MULLINS ROBERT SANDERSON MULLIKEN 147 BY R. STEPHEN BERRY WILLIAM D. PHILLIPS 167 riginal paper book, not from the BY ROBERT G. SHULMAN the authoritative version for attribution. EDWARD MILLS PURCELL 183 ing-specific formatting, however, cannot be BY ROBERT V. POUND REED CLARK ROLLINS 207 BY IHSAN A. AL-SHEHBAZ STANLEY SCHACHTER 223 BY RICHARD E. NISBETT GLENN THEODORE SEABORG 237 BY DARLEANE C. HOFFMAN GEORGE FREDERICK SPRAGUE 259 BY ARNEL R. HALLAUER ROBERT JULIUS TRUMPLER 277 BY HAROLD F. WEAVER GEORGE WALD 299 BY JOHN E. DOWLING JOHN C. WARNER 319 BY TRUMAN P. KOHMAN JEROME BERT WIESNER 335 BY LOUIS D. SMULLIN ALFRED P. WOLF 355 BY JOANNA S. FOWLER AND MICHAEL J. WELCH About PDFthis file: This new digital representation of original workthe has been recomposed XMLfrom files created from o the original typesetting files. breaks Page are true the line lengths, word to original; breaks, heading styles, and other typesett aspublication this inserted.Please versionoftypographicerrors have been accidentallyretained, and some print use the may Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Biographical Memoirs V.78 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9977.html PREFACE vii PREFACE riginal paper book, not from the On March 3, 1863, Abraham Lincoln signed the Act of Incorporation that the authoritative version for attribution. brought the National Academy of Sciences into being. In accordance with that ing-specific formatting, however, cannot be original charter, the Academy is a private, honorary organization of scientists, elected for outstanding contributions to knowledge, who can be called upon to advise the federal government. As an institution the Academy's goal is to work toward increasing scientific knowledge and to further the use of that knowledge for the general good. The Biographical Memoirs, begun in 1877, are a series of volumes containing the life histories and selected bibliographies of deceased members of the Academy. Colleagues familiar with the discipline and the subject's work prepare the essays. These volumes, then, contain a record of the life and work of our most distinguished leaders in the sciences, as witnessed and interpreted by their colleagues and peers. They form a biographical history of science in America—an important part of our nation's contribution to the intellectual heritage of the world. R. STEPHEN BERRY Home Secretary About PDFthis file: This new digital representation of original workthe has been recomposed XMLfrom files created from o the original typesetting files. breaks Page are true the line lengths, word to original; breaks, heading styles, and other typesett aspublication this inserted.Please versionoftypographicerrors have been accidentallyretained, and some print use the may Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. PREFACE viii riginal paper book, not from the the authoritative version for attribution. ing-specific formatting, however, cannot be http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9977.html Biographical MemoirsV.78 Copyright © National Academy ofSciences. Allrights reserved. About PDFthis file: This new digital representation of original workthe has been recomposed XMLfrom files created from o the original typesetting files. breaks Page are true the line lengths, word to original; breaks, heading styles, and other typesett aspublication this inserted.Please versionoftypographicerrors have been accidentallyretained, and some print use the may 1 e h t be ion. om r ibut f r t cannot r at not Biographical Memoirs o f however, VOLUME 78 version ng, i t paper book, at ive at rm o riginal horit ic f o e h t he aut t om r as ing-specif t ion ed f peset y http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9977.html Biographical MemoirsV.78 publicat her t iles creat is h t L f M of and ot X om yles, r f st version print posed e h heading Copyright © National Academy ofSciences. Allrights reserved. recom use t breaks, ease l been P word has ed. hs, insert ally line lengt original work e h t he original; ion of t at o ue t r have been accident y t a represent m are l a errors age breaks P is new digit h pographic y iles. T t f e ile: ng i f t F D P peset and som is y h t ined, a bout A ret original t ROBERT COOLEY ELDERFIELD 2 e h t be ion.