Behind bars: the detention of migrants in and from the East & Horn of Africa This is the eighth of a series of studies – The Regional Mixed explaining people on the move: focusing on Migration Secretariat different aspects of mixed migration associated with the East and Horn of Africa (including (RMMS) Yemen) region. Formed in 2011 and based in Nairobi, the overall objective of the RMMS is to support agencies, Acknowledgements institutions and fora in the Horn of Africa and Yemen sub-region to improve the management The research was generously funded by the of protection and assistance to people in mixed European Union and the publishing of the migration flows in the Horn of Africa and across report was funded by the Swiss Agency for the Gulf of Aden and Red Sea in Yemen. The Development and Cooperation (SDC). The co-founders and Steering Committee members lead researcher was Mr. Bram Frouws (an for the RMMS include UNHCR, IOM, Danish independent consultant and Senior Research Refugee Council (DRC), INTERSOS and the Associate with RMMS) with assistance from Yemen Mixed Migration Task Force. The RMMS Mr. Chris Horwood (RMMS Coordinator) and is therefore a regional hub aiming to provide the RMMS team. The writer was Mr. Bram support and coordination, analysis and research, Frouws and final editor Ms. Noni Munge. information, data management and advocacy. The text was developed using data and It acts as an independent agency, hosted by the information developed by the Regional Mixed DRC, to stimulate forward thinking and policy Migration Secretariat (RMMS) and other listed development in relation to mixed migration. Its references. RMMS would like to acknowledge overarching focus and emphasis is on human the contribution of many individuals, NGOs and rights, protection and assistance. institutions towards the information contained in this report including responding to a survey request. Their invaluable expertise and input www.regionalmms.org helped to enrich the report, and is much appreciated. The views and opinions of this RMMS is located at: report are entirely those of the RMMS, unless The DRC Regional Office for the Horn of Africa otherwise referenced. and Yemen, Lower Kabete Road (Ngecha Junction), P.O.Box 14762, 00800, Westlands, Nairobi, Published: February 2015 Kenya. Office: +254 20 418 0403/4/5 [email protected] ĞŚŝŶĚďĂƌƐ͗ƚŚĞĚĞƚĞŶƟŽŶŽĨŵŝŐƌĂŶƚƐŝŶĂŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂƐƚΘ,ŽƌŶŽĨĨƌŝĐĂ 1 Contents: Acknowledgements 1 List of acronyms 3 Map 4 Glossary of terms 5 Summary of key findings 11 1 Introduction 17 1.1 Objectives and methodology 17 1.2 Research background: setting the scene 17 2 Immigration Detention 23 2.1 Immigration detention: a source of growing concern 23 2.2 International law 25 2.3 Immigration criteria, guidelines and strategies 36 2.4 Arbitrary detention 38 2.5 The effects of immigration detention 39 2.6 Detention monitoring 41 2.7 Types of immigration detention centres 43 3 Detention of migrants in and from the east and Horn of Africa region: country sections 45 3.1 Djibouti 45 3.2 Eritrea 50 3.3 Ethiopia 52 3.4 Kenya 55 3.5 Puntland 65 3.6 Somaliland 66 3.7 Somalia South Central 68 3.8 Tanzania 69 3.9 Yemen 76 3.10 Israel 81 3.11 Saudi Arabia 92 4 Bibliography 99 2 ĞŚŝŶĚďĂƌƐ͗ƚŚĞĚĞƚĞŶƟŽŶŽĨŵŝŐƌĂŶƚƐŝŶĂŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂƐƚΘ,ŽƌŶŽĨĨƌŝĐĂ List of acronyms list of acronyms ACHP: African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights AIDA: Asylum Information Database APT: Association for the Prevention of Torture DRC: Danish Refugee Council CAT: Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment CERD: International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination CIE: Identification and Expulsion Centre (Centri di identificazione ed espulsione) CPT: Committee for the Prevention of Torture CRC: Convention on the Rights of the Child DRC: Democratic Republic of Congo ECRE: European Council on Refugee and Exiles FCO: Foreign and Commonwealth Office HRC: UN Human Rights Committee HRCE: Human Rights Concern Eritrea HRLHA: Human Rights League of the Horn of Africa ICCPR: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICRC: International Committee of the Red Cross IDC: International Detention Coalition ILO: International Labour Organisation IMBR: International Migrant Bill of Rights IPOA: Independent Policing Oversight Authority (Kenya) IRIN: Integrated Regional Information Network IOM: International Organization for Migration JRS: Jesuit Refugee Service KNCHR: Kenya National Commission on Human Rights MMTF: Mixed Migration Task Force NGO: Non-Governmental Organization OHCHR: Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights OLF: Oromo Liberation Front ONLF: Ogaden National Liberation Front OPCAT: Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture RCK: Refugee Consortium of Kenya RMMS: Regional Mixed Migration Secretariat UNDP: United Nations Development Program UNHCR: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNODC: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNPOS United Nations Political Office for Somalia USD: United States Dollar WGAD: UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention ĞŚŝŶĚďĂƌƐ͗ƚŚĞĚĞƚĞŶƟŽŶŽĨŵŝŐƌĂŶƚƐŝŶĂŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂƐƚΘ,ŽƌŶŽĨĨƌŝĐĂ 3 40° Al Qunfudhah 45° 50° HORN OF AFRICA SAUDI ARABIA Atbara $EKă Red Sea 1DMUăQ HORN 7KDPŗG Alghiena A OF t Sala Sa'dah b -Ħ]ăQ AFRICA Nile a r Shendi a Nakfa Mersa Gulbub Af'abet Jaza'ir'- YEMEN Dahlak )DUDVƗQ Khartoum ERITREAArchipelago 6D\ZŗQ Sebderat Mitsiwa'e Hajjah Kassala Asmara Şan'ā Shabwah Inghel Ma'rib 15 Teseney 15 ° Barentu Mersa Fatuma (Sanaa)' ° Al Hudaydah SUDAN Adi Quala $WăT Ash Shihr Wad Madani Omhajer Tio 'KDPăU $O0XNDOOă Aksum Gedaref Adigrat $O%D\Gă Himora Adwa Idi Ibb %DOKăI Te keze W Sinnar Mek'ele Ta'izz B Ahwar h a i b t Singar e B D a iQ Metema 6KD\NK 8WKPăQ N N Debark' l d l u e M G G i i e r l l Assab w e e e Sek'ot'a a e N Q Adan (Aden) a s Gonder d rd i a l l b a e e fu 7 DQD Gulf of AdeQ y Serdo Obock Caluula Hayk Weldiya DJIBOUTI Ed Damazin Bahir Dar Tadjoura Butyaalo A Djibouti b h Guba ay ( Bati s Boosaaso Bl a Saylac u Dese w Dikhil e A Ali Sabin N Karin Bure i l Ceerigaabo Xaafuun Goha A e Kurmuk b ) a Debre Mark'os Gewané y Boorama Baki Berbera 10 10 ° Mendi ETHIOPIA ° Fiche Debre Birhan Dire Dawa Hargeysa Burco Qardho Gimbi Nek'emte Addis Ababa Harer Jijiga Bandarbeyla Gidami Hagere Hiywet Mojo Boor Kigille Dembi Dolo Nazret Laascaanood Garoowe Gambela Degeh Bur Gore Gil Agaro Eyl o W Hosa'ina Asela eQ Akobo z Jima A Yeki Xamure ko Awasa Ginir b Shewa Gimira o W Pibor Post a Werder Gaalkacyo Sodo Goba b K'ebri Dehar Yirga 'Alem e Omo G Imi P e Wabe Shebele ib Towot Abaya s War Galoh o Kibre tr r Sogata Arba Minch' Hayk Menguist o Shilabo Ch'amo Galadi Dhuusamarreeb *HQDOH SOUTH SUDAN Hayk Negele Garadase Ferfer Hobyo Administrative Murle Dawa Filtu 5° Boundary 5° Kapoeta Ch'ew Bahir Beledweyne Todenyang Kusa Dolo Bay Xuddur SOMALIA Banya Mega Lokwa Ramu Buulobarde /DNH7XUNDQD Luug Ceeldheere Kangole (Lake Rudolf) Moyale Garbahaarrey Lodwar North Horr Takaba Baydhabo Buna El Wak Jawhar Moroto Loiyangalani Lokichar Baardheere UGANDA Wajir Webi Jubba Marka Muqdisho Laisamis (Mogadishu) KENYA Bu'aale Maralal Baraawe Habaswein Tororo Eldoret Jinja Archer's Post Jilib Kakamega Nyahururu %LOLV4RRTDDQL Meru Jamaame National capital 0° Kisumu Nanyuki Town, village Lake Kericho Nakuru Nyeri Garissa Kismaayo Victoria Embu Airport Tilka 7DQD Buur Gaabo International boundary Musoma Nairobi Machakos Road Railroad L. Namanga Garsen Mwanza 1DWURQ Lamu INDIAN UNITED REPUBLIC OF *DODQD OCEAN Moshi The boundaries and names shown and the designations TANZANIA Voi Malindi used on this map do not imply official endorsement or Arusha acceptance by the United Nations. Shinyanga L. L. Kilifi Eyasi 0DQ\DUD 0 100 200 300 km Final boundary between the Republic of Sudan and the P Mombasa Republic of South Sudan has not yet been determined. a Q g 0 100 200 mi aQi -5° Tanga 35° 40° 45° 4 ĞŚŝŶĚďĂƌƐ͗ƚŚĞĚĞƚĞŶƟŽŶŽĨŵŝŐƌĂŶƚƐŝŶĂŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂƐƚΘ,ŽƌŶŽĨĨƌŝĐĂ Glossary of terms glossary of terms Selected definitions from the International Organization for Migration’s Glossary on Migration (2004). The Full Glossary is available at http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/free/IML_1_EN.pdf) arbitrary In an unreasonable manner, related to the concepts of injustice, unpredictability, unreasonableness and capriciousness. assisted voluntary return Logistical and financial support to rejected asylum seekers, trafficked migrants, stranded students, qualified nationals and other migrants unable or unwilling to remain in the host country who volunteer to return to their countries of origin. asylum seekers Persons seeking to be admitted into a country as refugees and awaiting decision on their application for refugee status under relevant international and national instruments. In case of a negative decision, they must leave the country and may be expelled, as may any alien in an irregular situation, unless permission to stay is provided on humanitarian or other related grounds. checkpoint A location (on the land border or at an airport or seaport) where persons are stopped by border officials for inspection and clearance, in order to enter the State. civil and political rights Commonly used to describe the various rights contained in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 (e.g. right of self-determination; of free disposition of natural wealth and resources; of non-discrimination; of equal rights of men and women; right to life; freedom from torture, cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; of freedom from slavery and servitude; of freedom from arbitrary arrest or detention; of freedom of movement within a State; right to liberty and security of the person; equality before the courts; right to a fair and public hearing by an impartial tribunal in respect of criminal charges; prohibition of retroactive criminal liability; right of privacy of the family, the home or correspondence; freedom of thought, conscience and religion; freedom of expression; right to peaceful assembly; freedom of association and of participation in public affairs).