Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 1993-06 Telecommunications internetworking and integration: a primer for C3 students. Fagerland, Bruce O. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/24235 DUDU OXLIBRARv JAVAl . vSTGRADUATE SCH001 10NTEREY CA 93943-5101 lassified rity Classification of this page REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Report Security Classification: Unclassified lb Restrictive Markings Security Classification Authority 3 Distribution/Availability of Report Declassification/Downgrading Schedule Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. erforming Organization Report Number(s) 5 Monitoring Organization Report Number(s) Mame of Performing Organization 6b Office Symbol 7a Name of Monitoring Organization val Postgraduate School (if applicable) 39 Naval Postgraduate School Address (city, state, and ZIP code) 7b Address (city, state, and ZIP code) >nterey CA 93943-5000 Monterey CA 93943-5000 ^ame of Funding/Sponsoring Organization 6b Office Symbol 9 Procurement Instrument Identification Number (if applicable) Iress (city, state, and ZIP code) 10 Source of Funding Numbers Program Element No Project No Task No Work Unit Accession No fitle (include security classification) Telecommunications Internetworking and Integration: A Primer for C3 Students Personal Author(s) Bruce O. Fagerland Type of Report 13b Time Covered 14 Date of Report (year, month, day) 15 Page Count ster's Thesis From To June 1993 118 Supplementary Notation The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. Zosati Codes 18 Subject Terms (continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number) Group Subgroup Internetworking, Integration, Interoperability, C4I for the Warrior, Bridges, Routers, Gateways, Protocols, Network Interfaces. Abstract (continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number) is thesis is a telecommunications internetworking and integration tutorial for command, control, and communications (C3) dents, and is intended to supplement coursework material at the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS). It is particularly relevant to dents pursuing the internetworking area of emphasis in the C3 curriculum. In order to recognize and tap the potential of ;rnetworking and integration for military applications, C3 students must be "internetworking literate. " The objective of this sis is to help develop that literacy and to serve as a technical reference for understanding terms, standards and concepts ociated with the complex field of telecommunications internetworking. As the ultimate Department of Defense (DoD) ^communications goal is the full integration of voice, data and imagery services, internetworking is looked upon as an essential cess on the road to integration. To establish the relevance to U.S. warfighting capability, this thesis describes how ^networking and integration are critical elements of the "C4I for the Warrior" initiative. With this warfighting connection kept nind, definitions and illustrations present the technical aspects of telecommunications internetworking and integration. Distribution/Availability of Abstract 21 Abstract Security Classification unclassified/unlimited _ same as report DTIC users Unclassified Name of Responsible Individual 22b Telephone (include Area Code) 22c Office Symbol 5. Fu (408) 656-3446 CC/Fu FORM 1473,84 MAR 83 APR edition may be used until exhausted security classification of this page All other editions are obsolete Unclassified T259775 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Telecommunications Internetworking and Integration: A Primer for C3 Students by Bruce O. Fagerland Captain, United States Air Force B.S., Brigham Young University, 1980 B.A., University of Washington, 1982 M.S., Troy State University, 1991 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY from the ABSTRACT This thesis is a telecommunications internetworking and integration tutorial for command, control, and communications (C3) students, and is intended to supplement coursework material at the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS). It is particularly relevant to students pursuing the internetworking area of emphasis in the C 3 curriculum. In order to recognize and tap the potential of internetworking and integration for military applications, C3 students must be "internetworking literate." The objective of this thesis is to help develop that literacy and to serve as a technical reference for understanding terms, standards and concepts associated with the complex field of telecommunications internetworking. As the ultimate Department of Defense (DoD) telecommunications goal is the full integration of voice, data and imagery services, internetworking is looked upon as an essential process on the road to integration. To establish the relevance to U.S. warfighting capability, this thesis describes how internetworking and integration are critical elements of the "C4I for the Warrior" initiative. With this warfighting connection kept in mind, definitions and illustrations present the technical aspects of telecommunications internetworking and integration. in . TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 1 A. PURPOSE 1 B. ORGANIZATION 1 II. THE WARFIGHTING CONNECTION 3 A. BACKGROUND 3 B. RESPONSIVE OPTIONS AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES ... 5 C. C4I FOR THE WARRIOR 8 III. TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS AND INTEGRATION GOALS 13 A. DEFINITIONS 14 B. TRADITIONAL VIEW OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS 17 C. NETWORK INTEGRATION 18 IV. PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS 23 A. MIGRATION TOWARD UNIVERSAL STANDARDS .... 23 B. STANDARDS MAKING BODIES . 25 1. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 25 2 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) 26 3 International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT) 2 6 4. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 2 6 5. Electronics Industries Association (EIA) . 27 IV . DUDLEY KNOX LIBRARY NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOl MONTEREY CA 93943-5101 6. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 27 7 Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) 27 C. THE LAYER OR MODULE VIEW 27 1. Background 27 2 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model (OSIRM) 28 D. DOD PROTOCOLS 32 1. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) . 3 3 2. The Internet Protocol (IP) 34 3. The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 34 4. The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) . 34 5. The Telnet Protocol 3 4 E. The Government Open System Interconnection Profile (GOSIP) 3 6 V. SWITCHING AND TRANSMISSION 3 8 A. DEDICATED VERSUS SWITCHED SERVICES 3 8 B. SWITCHING METHODS 44 1. Circuit Switching 44 2. Message Switching 46 3. Packet Switching 48 4. Fast Packet Switching 50 C. TRANSMISSION 55 1. Multiplexing 55 2. Digital Carrier Systems 58 3. Modulator-demodulators (modems) 67 VI. NETWORKS AND INTERCONNECTIONS 69 A. BACKGROUND 69 B. TYPES OF NETWORKS 71 1. Local Area Networks (LANs) 71 2. Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) .... 77 3. Wide Area Networks (WANs) 80 C. INTERCONNECTION METHODS AND DEVICES 81 1. Repeaters 82 2. Bridges 82 3. Routers 83 4. Gateways 84 5. Bridging Versus Routing: How to Choose . 84 VII. INTERNETWORKING AND INTEGRATION: TRENDS AND IMPLEMENTATIONS 87 A. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) . 88 B. Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN) 92 C. The Defense Information Systems Network (DISN) 94 1. DISN Concept and Description 96 2. Implementation Concept of the Network . 98 3. Near-Term Solution of the Network .... 100 VIII. SUMMARY . 106 LIST OF REFERENCES 109 INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST . Ill VI I . INTRODUCTION A. PURPOSE This thesis illustrates the key features of telecommunications internetworking and integration for individuals studying command, control and communications (C3) . Telecommunications internetworking is becoming an increasingly important topic in the study of C3 , as is the development of fully integrated digital telecommunications networks. This thesis provides an introduction to the complex field of internetworking, which is an essential step on the road to integrated digital networks. As the telecommunications internetworking and integration fields are so broad, the objective is to provide the reader with a "broad brush" sketch of networking types, internetworking techniques, and integration possibilities. Additionally, this thesis is meant to provide an initial reference and guide to aid in searching for additional information. B. ORGANIZATION The approach taken in this thesis is to initially establish the relevance of telecommunications advancements to the warfighting environment. This is done in Chapter II, which presents a discussion of the command, control, communications, computers and intelligence (C4I) for the 1 Warrior initiative, and proposes that telecommunications internetworking and integration are both driving such initiatives and contributing to their success. Chapter III then presents a general overview of telecommunications networks and definitions of terms. The discussion of protocols and standards in Chapter IV sets the stage for the more technical material of Chapters V and VI. Chapter V examines switching and transmission techniques, which are two major elements in any network. Chapter VI looks at local, metropolitan, and wide area networks (LAN, MAN, and WAN) . This chapter also describes and illustrates some of the internetworking methods and the devices which enable network interconnections to take place. By way