The Russian Revolutionary Emigres, 1825-1870 Miller, Martin A. Published by Johns Hopkins University Press Miller, Martin A. The Russian Revolutionary Emigres, 1825-1870. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Project MUSE. doi:10.1353/book.68481. https://muse.jhu.edu/. For additional information about this book https://muse.jhu.edu/book/68481 [ Access provided at 27 Sep 2021 00:02 GMT with no institutional affiliation ] This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. HOPKINS OPEN PUBLISHING ENCORE EDITIONS Martin A. Miller The Russian Revolutionary Emigres, 1825–1870 Open access edition supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities / Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book Program. © 2019 Johns Hopkins University Press Published 2019 Johns Hopkins University Press 2715 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21218-4363 www.press.jhu.edu The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. CC BY-NC-ND ISBN-13: 978-1-4214-3381-3 (open access) ISBN-10: 1-4214-3381-8 (open access) ISBN-13: 978-1-4214-3379-0 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-4214-3379-6 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-1-4214-3380-6 (electronic) ISBN-10: 1-4214-3380-X (electronic) This page supersedes the copyright page included in the original publication of this work. THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONARY EMIGRES, 1825-1870 THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY STUDIES IN HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCE 104TH SERIES (1986) 1. Oil and the American Century: The Political Economy of U.S. Foreign Oil Policy, 1941-1954, by David S. Painter 2. The Russian Revolutionary Emigres, 1825-1870, by Martin A. Miller THE HUSSIAN BE VOL UT IONAB Y EMIGBES 1825-1870 Martin A. Miller THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY PRESS Baltimore and London This book has been brought to publication with the generous assistance of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. © 1986 The Johns Hopkins University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America The Johns Hopkins University Press 701 West 40th Street Baltimore, Maryland 21211 The Johns Hopkins Press Ltd., London The poem on page vii is from Ezra Pound, Personae. Copyright 1926 by Ezra Pound. Reprinted by permission of New Directions Publishing Corporation (New York) and Faber and Faber Ltd. (England). The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI 239.48-1984. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Miller, Martin A. (Martin Alan), 1938- The Russian revolutionary emigres, 1825-1870. (The Johns Hopkins University studies in historical and political science; 104th ser., 2) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Russians-Foreign countries-Political activity. 2. Soviet Union­ Politics and government-19th century. I. Title. II. Series. DK215.M53 1986 947'.07 86-2715 ISBN 0-8018-3303-5 (alk. paper) To Ylana, Joshua, and Zina I have seen the dawn mist Move in the yellow grain I have seen the daubed purple sunset; You maykill me, but I do not accede, You may ignore me, you maykeep me in exile, You may assail me with negations, or you may keep me awhile, well hidden; But I am after you and before you, And above all, I do not accede. EZRA POUND, "FromChebar" Contents Acknowledgments xi PART I: THE FIRST GENERATION 1. The World of Emigration in Nineteenth-Century Europe 3 Emigration as a Problem of Historical Investigation 3 The Beginnings of the Emigre Communities in Western Europe 10 Herzen among the Emigres 16 The Original Portrait of the Early Russian Emigres 23 2. N. I. Turgenev: The First Political Emigre 32 3. I. G. Golovin: Emigre Individualism 50 4. N. I. Sazonov: Marx's First Russian Follower 65 5. P. V. Dolgorukov: The Republican Prince 88 6. Perspectives on the First Generation 104 PART II: THE SECOND GENERATION 7. The Origins of Collective Action Abroad 111 The Russian Colony in Heidelberg 112 The Emigre O:mgress 116 I. A. Khudiakov 120 The Kel'siev Brothers 121 8. A. A. Semo-Solov'evich: Beyond Herzen 135 9. On the Eve: Toward the Development of Ideology 148 N. V. Sokolov 149 L. I. Mechnikov 153 N. I. Zhukovskii 155 V. A. Zaitsev 159 10. N. I. Utin: Emigre Internationalism 164 X CONTENTS PART III: THE TURNING POINT 11. The Russian Emigre Press: In the Shadows of Kolokol 177 12. The Emigration and Revolution 199 Developments after Herzen 199 A Quantitative Portrait of the Emigration 205 The Significance of the Russian Emigration: Intelligentsia in Exile 208 APPENDIXES A. Regulations for the Aid of Political Exiles from Russia, 13 December 1855 (Geneva) 215 B. Police Surveillance at Herzen's House in London, 1862 217 C. The League of Peace and Freedom, 1867-1868 219 D. Natalie Herzen's Dream, 1869 222 Notes 225 Bibliography 271 Index 285 Acknowledgments This study could not have been completed without the splendid cooperation of a number of archivists and librarians who helped me locate some very difficult source materials. In particular, I wish to thank the staffsof the Lenin Library, the Central State Archive of the October Revolution, and the Central State Archive for Liter­ ature and Art, who were extremely generous with their busy sched­ ules during my stay in Moscow. I am also grateful to the staffsof the Hoover Institution, Columbia University's Butler Library, and Duke University's Perkins Library. The collections of nineteenth­ century Russian emigre journals and newspapers at the Collindale branch of the British Libraries in London and at the Bibliotheque Documentation Internationale Contemporaine on the Nanterre campus of the University of Paris richly supplement the collections in the Soviet Union. The Archives Nationales also should be men­ tioned, especially for the material on the Russian emigres in the Paris police files. My thanks to the cooperative staffsof these institu­ tions as well for facilitating my work there. Earlier drafts of this book were read by Leopold Haimson, Jonathan Sanders, Victor Ripp, and Ylana Miller. In addition, Hen­ ry Tom, Senior Social Sciences Editor at Hopkins, gave the entire manuscript a careful and critical reading which raised many vital issues. The revisions I made as a result of these readings have unquestionably improved this book. I am indebted to each of these individuals for their help; needless to say, none of them is responsi­ ble for any problems which remain. Finally, for an expert job of typing the manuscript, I wish to express my gratitude to Thelma Kithcart and Dorothy Sapp at Duke. Financial support for this study was indispensable. I am es­ pecially grateful to the National Endowment for the Humanities Xll ACKNOWLEDGMENTS and the Duke University Research Council for their aid. A grant from the International Research and Exchanges Board made my trip to the Soviet Union possible. Much of this book was written at the W. Averill Harriman Institute for Advanced Study of the Soviet Union, Columbia Uni­ versity, during several extended visits to New York as a visiting Senior Fellow. I wish to thank my colleagues for their stimulating discussions about my work, and the staff of the Institute for as­ sistance that facilitated my research and writing. I have utilized the Library of Congress Slavic transliteration system, with exceptions for names already familiarin English (such as Nicholas I and Dostoevsky). Regarding dating, since most of the materials cited in this study were written in WesternEurope, I have used the Gregorian calendar for these; however, for the materials produced within the Russian Empire, I have retained the Julian calendar dates, which were twelve days behind the Gregorian calen­ dar during the nineteenth century. ----------1---------- THE FIBST GENEBATION In all of Europe, I, with my Russian anguish, was the only free man. DOSTOEVSKY ------------1------------ The World of Emigration in Nineteenth-Century Europe Emigration as a Problem of Historical Investigation The presence of emigres from Russia in the capitals of Western Europe has been a source of continual fascinationfor over a century. Vivid representations of these escapees from tsarist oppression in the years prior to World War I have appeared in literature, in jour­ nalistic reportage, and in political discussions in every country in which they resided. The Russian revolutionary emigre has fur­ nished the world with a special prototype-the fiercely committed intellectual who lives abroad for the express purpose of preparing himself for the revolution he seeks at home. The fanatics in the novels of Dostoevsky and Conrad left indelible impressions on many minds, echoes of which can be found in numerous empathic contemporary accounts such as the following: We recognize at once a man for whom the outside world scarcely exists, the dreamer who sees not forms, but problems, the inveterate bookworm who daily escapes only by miracles from the snares that carts and omnibuses lay for his absent mindedness.... His life is an exposition of principles or a perpetual discussion, and all the time we spend with him he is theorizing, comparing dates and events, describing a skeleton Russia wherein there seems to be neither men, women, nor children, but only an abstract population of problems.1 Initial efforts by Europeans to try to comprehend the moti­ vation and mentality of these uninvited political guests began, for the most part, in the 1860s, when the word nihilism was used as a comprehensive descriptive term forall Russian emigres who were at odds with the Russian autocracy. 2 During the 1870s, when the revo­ lutionary movement in Russia was gathering momentum and the numbers of Russian political exiles increased markedly in the cities 4 THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONARY EMIGRES of Western Europe, the imagery of the Russian emigration assumed almost mythic proportions.