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University Microfilms International 300 N ZEEB ROAD, ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 18 BEDFORD ROW, LONDON WC1R 4EJ, ENGLAND / 791734* MIRAGLIUOLC, JUEITH THOMPSON NON-URBAN SITES AND MOBILE SETTLEMENT PATTERNS: A SURVEY OF AN UNKNOWN CORNER BALUCHISTAN. THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY* PH.D., 1979 University Microfilms International 300 N. ZEEB ROAD, ANN ARBOR, MI ABIO6 © 1979 JUDITH THOMPSON MIRAGLIUOLO ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark K^ . 1. Glossy photographs v 2. Colored illustrations 3. Photographs with dark background i/^ 4. Illustrations are poor copy 5. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page 6. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages is throughout 7. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine 8. Conputer printout pages with indistinct print 9. 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Other University Microfilms International NON-URBAN SITES AND MOBILE SETTLEMENT PATTERNS: A SURVEY OF AN UNKNOWN CORNER OF BALUCHISTAN by Judith Thompson Miragliuolo Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology Signatures of Committee: Chairman: UA«*^ LA)- i^'- l>'-'4//l viv Dean of the College Dale"/ ' ^~r 1979 The American University Washington, D.C. 20016 THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY LIBRAEY ACKNOWLEDGMENTS While the responsibility for any inconsistencies in analysis or errors in interpretation in this dissertation is mine alone, the assis­ tance of many others in earlier stages of the research in Iran should be acknowledged. Foremost among these are three sources of funding which made the whole project possible: The National Science Foundation (Dis­ sertation Improvement Grant #75-00173), the American Association of University Women (Fellowship), The American University (Dissertation Fellowship). The crew which accompanied me into the field consisted of my former husband, Joel R. Marucheck; John W. Graham, M.A. in anthropology, University of Missouri; and Mohammed Movvadet, representative of the Iranian Center for Archeological Research, who was with us for the first half of the season. Mr. Graham was especially invaluable as an experi­ enced field archeologist and professional surveyor. Fieldwork in Iran was conducted under the auspices of the Iran­ ian Center for Archeological Research. Thanks is extended to the Di­ rector of the Center, Dr. Firouz Bagherzadeh, whose assistance and en­ couragement of this work was appreciated. The Provincial Director of the Ministry of Culture in Zahedan, Hanom L. Behnam, rendered both as­ sistance and hospitality. Captain Sahmshirzan of the Baluchistan Gen­ darmerie took an interest in the research, as did Ali Foroughi of the Education Department in Khash, and the companionship and assistance of ii both is greatly appreciated. Numerous informants of the Shah Nawazi Baluch provided data without which much of this research could not have been completed. In Tehran, logistical and administrative support was received from the American Institute of Iranian Studies; many thanks are extended to Directors David and Orrick Peterson, Colin MacKinnon, and Hassan Sepheri. For housing in Tehran and moral support throughout the re­ search, Dr. Brian Spooner and Mary Martin are due thanks. Library facilities and assistance were given me by the British Institute for Persian Studies and the German Archeological Institute, both in Tehran. The U.S. Peace Corps supported my project in the form of housing in Khash and the loan of a Dietzgen transit. Assistance with supplies in the field and repairs to the Land Rover were given by the Page Cor­ poration and Iransauti Company in Baluchistan. Plate 7 in this disser­ tation was furnished by Mark Howland of the McGill University Anthropo­ logical Expedition to Sangan. Geom. Domenico Stassi assisted me with Map 12. During fieldwork in Baluchistan and my residence in Tehran, valuable advice was received from many individuals who took an interest in my work and allowed me to tap their experience in informal discussions of my material. Among these I would like to thank Dr. Henry Wright, Dr. Brian Spooner, Dr. Philip Salzman, Mansour Sajjadi, Dr. Maurizio Tosi, Dr. John Speth, and Dr. Chris Hamlin. For hospitality extended during my visits in the field, additional thanks are given to Dr. Mau­ rizio Tosi and Dr. George Dales. The final manuscript benefited from the several valuable sug­ gestions of my committee members, Dr. Charles McNett, Dr. Brian Hesse, iii and Dr. John J. Bodine. Dr. Bodine was most helpful in his long-distance assistance with administrative matters. Much of my inspiration and en­ thusiasm for this research is due to Dr. Gary W. Hume, my advisor for many years. Last, but by no means least, I thank my husband, Luigi Miragli- uolo, for his constant encouragement in the completion of the disserta­ tion. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF MAPS xi LIST OF PLATES xii SECTION ONE THE SETTING Chapter I. INTRODUCTION 1 Objectives 1 Choice of Area 5 The Archeological Background 6 Field Operations 10 Organization of the Dissertation 14 II. THE ECOSETTING 15 Northern Baluchistan: The Sarhad Plateau 16 Geology and Topography 16 Hydrology 18 Soils 19 Climate 21 Vegetation 23 Fauna 26 Mineral Resources 27 Past Environments 28 The Human Factor 29 Agriculture 30 SECTION TWO ARTIFACTS AND CHRONOLOGY III. CERAMIC ARTIFACTS 34 Analysis 34 Analytical Categories 36 The Types 39 Minor Types 69 v LITHIC ANALYSIS AND SMALL FINDS 80 The Khash Collection ......... 80 Non-Flaked Stone 85 Small Finds 89 CHRONOLOGY 92 Analytical Problems 92 Prehistoric Pottery 95 Late Prehistoric and Early Historic Pottery 106 Islamic Pottery 110 A Hypothesized Ceramic Sequence 117 Lithic Correspondences 119 SECTION THREE SYNTHESIS AND INTERPRETATION RESEARCH DESIGN 124 Surface Surveys 124 Site Pattern Recognition 126 Ethnoarcheology 129 SITE DISTRIBUTIONS AND SETTLEMENT SUBSYSTEM 131 Units of Analysis 131 Locational Analysis . 132 Estimating Past Conditions 134 Estimating Density of Settlement 137 Roles within a Settlement System 138 Site Size 145 Locational Variables 145 The Settlement System of the Khash Survey Area: A Model . 151 Sites of the Survey Area 155 Sub-Areal Distribution of Sites 158 Temporal Distribution of Sites 166 Summary of the Settlement Pattern of the Khash Area . 172 PAST0'<AL NOMADISM: AN ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION 180 Pastoral Nomadism 184 Ethnoarcheological Investigations 186 Culture History of the Sarhad 188 The Baluch: An Ethnographic Sketch 192 Archeological Evidence for Pastoral Nomadism 212 Conclusion 250 vi IX. CONCLUSIONS AND A PROCESSUAL INTERPRETATION 262 Chronology 266 The Socio-Cultural Milieu 267 The Sarhad Plateau 273 The Khash Model 279 Conclusion 287 APPENDIX A. THE KHASH SPRING SITE 290 The Eastern Slope 290 Collection Procedure 292 Architectural Remains 292 Artifacts 294 APPENDIX B. THE SITES 301 Special Function Sites 302 Permanent and Semi-Permanent Village Sites .... 305 Seasonal Campsites 313 Temporary Campsites and Transient Stations .... 317 REFERENCES CITED 322 vii LIST OF TABLES Artifact Associations 118 Suggested Time Ranges of Khash Valley Ceramic Types 120 Distribution by Period of Sites with Flaked Stone and Those with Only Groundstone and/or Modified Tuff 122 Types of Sites by Ecozones 167 Types of Sites by Chronological Period 173 Chronological Period by Ecozone 174 Baluch Nomadic Patterns 255 Seasonal Connotations of Archeological Sites Found in the Khash Area (Suggested) 257 Total Artifacts Collected from Each Square of Grid 295 Tabulation of Pottery Types Present at Khash Spring 299 viii LIST OF FIGURES 1. Painted Compact Paste Ware from Rows A and B at Khash Spring .