The COMPREHENSIVe APPROACh TO OPeRATIONS: INTeRNATIONAL CANADIAN DEFENCE ACADEMY PRESS PeRSPeCTIVeS Edited by Commander Dave Woycheshin, PhD & Miriam de Graaff Previous International Military Leadership Association (IMLA) books published by CDA Press In Pursuit of Excellence: International Perspectives of Military Leadership (2006) Strategic Leadership Development: International Perspectives (2007) Professional Ideology & Development: International Perspectives (2008) Decision-Making: International Perspectives (2009) Military Ethics: International Perspectives (2010) Developing the Next Generation of Military Leaders: Challenges, Imperatives and Strategies (2011) Threats to Military Professionalism: International Perspectives (2012) THE COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TO OPERATIONS: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES THE COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TO OPERATIONS: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES EDITED BY COMMANDER Dave WOYCHESHIN, PHD & MIRIAM DE GRAAFF Copyright © 2013 Her Majesty the Queen, in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of National Defence. Canadian Defence Academy Press PO Box 17000 Stn Forces Kingston, Ontario K7K 7B4 Produced for the Canadian Defence Academy Press by 17 Wing Winnipeg Publishing Office. WPO30957 Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication The comprehensive approach to operations : international perspectives / edited by Commander Dave Woycheshin, PhD, & Miriam de Graaf. Co-produced by: 17 Wing Winnipeg Publishing Office. Issued by: Canadian Defence Academy. Available also on the Internet. Includes bibliographical references and an index. ISBN 978-1-100-22506-7 Cat. no.: D2-322/2013E 1. Civil-military relations. 2. Strategy. 3. Security, International. 4. Strategic culture. 5. Integrated operations (Military science). I. Woycheshin, David E. (David Earl), 1961- II. De Graaff, Miriam C III. Canadian Defence Academy IV. Canada. Canadian Armed Forces. Wing, 17 JF195 C66 2013 322’.5 C2013-980071-9 Printed in Canada. 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 The views expressed in this publication are entirely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views, policy or position of the Government of Canada, the Department of National Defence, the Canadian Forces or any of its subordinate units or organizations. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Comprehensive Approach to Operations: International Perspectives is the eighth publication by the International Military Leadership Association. The dedication of this group to furthering the understanding of issues affecting military leadership is commendable. The editors would especially like to thank Cedric de Coning of the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (Norsk Utenrikspolitisk Institutt) for contributing a chapter to this volume. Dr. de Coning contributed his chapter on short notice in response to a “cold call” email request from the editors. The contributors to this volume should be justifiably proud of achieving a high standard under very tight time con- straints. This volume is an important addition to a more thorough under- standing of the meaning of the comprehensive approach. It is important to recognize the ongoing support of the Canadian Defence Academy and the Canadian Defence Academy Press for this series of pub- lications. In particular, our gratitude and thanks go to Mélanie Denis of the Canadian Defence Academy for her expertise and willingness to work un- der the time constraints that are required to meet the International Military Leadership Association schedule. We also express our gratitude to the 17 Wing Publishing Office in Winnipeg, Manitoba, for consistently producing a high-quality, professional product. TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ............................................................................................ iii CHAPTER 1 CANADA Civil-Military Relations and the Comprehensive Approach to Operations Bill Bentley, PhD ..........................................................1 CHAPTER 2 UNITED States The Comprehensive Approach, Strategy, and Organizations: An Overview and Some Suggested Future Directions Jerry Guo Mie Augier, PhD ....................................................... 13 CHAPTER 3 UNITED States A Framework for Understanding Multicultural, Multi- team Systems in Support of a Comprehensive Approach to Operations Lieutenant-Colonel Daniel J. Watola, PhD R. Jeffrey Jackson, PhD Lieutenant-Colonel Douglas R. Lindsay, PhD ........ 35 CHAPTER 4 NorwaY Factors that Constrain the Comprehensive Approach Cedric de Coning, PhD ............................................. 51 CHAPTER 5 Sweden The Comprehensive Approach – Doctrinal Overview and Implications for Swedish Military Leadership Alicia Ohlsson, MA Claes Wallenius, PhD Gerry Larsson, PhD .................................................. 71 THE COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TO OPERATIONS: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES | i TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 6 NetherLANDS The Dutch Approach: Leadership Lessons from Multi- disciplinary Teams Miriam C. de Graaff, MSc Lieutenant-Colonel Yvonne C.J. Schroeder Karla H.M. Boeijen-Mennen, MSc ........................ 101 CHAPTER 7 IndonesIA The Comprehensive Versus the Territorial Approach: Civil-Military Cooperation in the Indonesian Army Context Colonel Eri Radityawara Hidayat, PhD ................ 115 CHAPTER 8 SINGapore Branding Singapore through the Armed Forces and its Leaders Lieutenant-Colonel Psalm B.C. Lew ...................... 139 CONTRIBUTORS ........................................................................................ 151 GLOSSARY ......................................................................................... 157 INDEX ......................................................................................... 161 ii | THE COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TO OPERATIONS: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES FOREWORD I am pleased to introduce The Comprehensive Approach to Operations: Inter- national Perspectives, the eighth volume of the International Military Leader- ship Association (IMLA) published by the Canadian Defence Academy (CDA) Press. Established in 2005, IMLA has provided a forum for military leadership researchers, academics and members of military leadership insti- tutes to collaborate on a wide variety of military leadership projects. The Aca- demic Council on the United Nations System (ACUNS) has recently given a positive review of a previous IMLA publication, Military Ethics: International Perspectives and has another volume under review. This is clearly testament to our successes in moving forward international literature. The publication of this volume is timely. While there is much individual ex- pertise in the comprehensive approach to operations, it has not been for- mally institutionalized as a standard operational procedure. Future military operations will continue to be mandated by international authorities and will likely be multinational endeavours. Any large scale operation is sure to be augmented by non-military aims to reflect nation building and development aspects (i.e., the 3 Ds: defence, diplomacy and development). Future conflict will also likely involve a variety of non-governmental organizations in the operational environment, amidst a country with civil institutions of varying levels of effectiveness and in a vastly different cultural sphere. These are all conditions that require leaders to possess the skills and competencies neces- sary to operate effectively in the future security environment. I commend the efforts of the authors, editors and members of CDA Press in the production of this volume. IMLA continues to demonstrate its relevance to the furthering the understanding of the many facets of military leadership. Your comments are, as always, welcomed. P.J. Forgues Major-General Commander Canadian Defence Academy THE COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TO OPERATIONS: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES | iii CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 1 CIVIL-MilitarY Relations AND THE COMPREHENSIVE Approach to Operations Bill Bentley, PhD* INTRODUCTION The Comprehensive Approach to security operations was developed over time to deal with the complex, multi-dimensional conflicts of the 1990s and early 21st century. These were the “new” wars so well described by Mary Kaldor in New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era.1 It is a fairly significant change in both grand strategy and, therefore, military strategy, from the paradigm extant during the Cold War. To fully understand how this new approach evolved, the role of civil-military relations in liberal democracies must be taken into account. This chapter will introduce the concept of civil- military relations in both their theoretical and practical aspects and situate the emergence of the Comprehensive Approach within this governance issue. Civil-military relations describe the relationship between civil society as a whole and the military organization established to protect it. Thus, the civil- military relationship involves the interaction among three main actors – the people, the government and the military. If there is a general concordance among these three actors, civil-military relations can be described as healthy or relatively tension free; if not, the relationship will be strained, sometimes to the point of crisis.2 More narrowly, civil-military relations describe the relationship between the civil authority of a given society/nation and its military authority. In this case, the civil authority is to be understood as the elected government responsible to the people and to which the military is subordinated, as well as appointed civilian officials with whom the military