_ ■ ' ~ ~ Prime, PRIMOS® User's Guide Revision 22.0 DOC4130-5LA PRIMOS® User's Guide Fifth Edition Stephen Lewontin This guide documents the software operation of the Prime Computer and its supporting systems and utilities as implemented at Master Disk Revision 22.0 (Rev. 22.0). Prime Computer, Inc., Prime Park, Natick, MA 01760 Copyright Information The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as a commitment by Prime Computer, Inc. Prime Computer, Inc. assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document. The software described in this document is furnished under a license and may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of such license. Copyright © 1988 by Prime Computer, Inc., Prime Park, Natick, Massachusetts 01760 PRIME, PRIME, PRIMOS, and the PRIME logo are registered trademarks of Prime Computer, Inc. DISCOVER, EDMS, FM+, INFO/BASIC, INFORM, Prime INFORMATION, Prime INFORMATION CONNECTION, Prime INFORMATION EXL, MDL, MIDAS, MIDASPLUS, MXCL, PRIME EXL, PRIME MEDUSA, PERFORM, PERFORMER, PRIME/SNA, PRIME TIMER, PRIMAN, PRIMELINK, PRIMENET, PRIMEWAY, PRIMEWORD, PRIMIX, PRISAM, PRODUCER, Prime INFORMATION/pc, PST 100, PT25, PT45, PT65, PT200, PT250, PW153, PW200, PW250, RINGNET, SIMPLE, 50 Series, 400, 750, 850, 2250, 2350, 2450, 2455, 2550, 2655, 2755, 4050, 4150, 6350, 6550, 9650, 9655, 9750, 9755, 9950, 9955, and 9955H are trademarks of Prime Computer, Inc. Printing History First Edition (IDR4130) lanuary 1980 Second Edition (PDR4130) December 1980 Third Edition (DOC4130-190) August 1982 Fourth Edition (DOC4130-4LA) April 1985 Update 1 (UPD4130-41A) January 1986 Update 2 (UPD4130-42A) July 1987 Fifth Edition (DOC4130-5LA) October 1988 Credits Project Editor: Barbara Fowlkes Project Support: Frank Calvillo, Joan Karp, Don Markuson, Betsy Perry Design: Leo Maldonado Graphics Support: Mingling Chang, Jeannette Monaco Illustration: Mike Moyle Document Preparation: Mary Mixon, Katherine Normington Composition: Julie Cyphers, Sharon Temple Production: Judith Gordon How to Order Technical Documents Follow the instructions below to obtain a catalog, a price list, and information on placing orders. United States Only: Call Prime Telemarketing, toll free, at 800-343-2533, Monday through Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. (EST). International: Contact your local Prime subsidiary or distributor. Customer Support Center Prime provides the following toll-free numbers for customers in the United States needing service: 1-800-322-2838 (Massachusetts) 1-800-541-8888 (Alaska and Hawaii) 1-800-343-2320 (within other states) For other locations, contact your Prime representative. Surveys and Correspondence Please comment on this manual using the Reader Response Form provided in the back of this book. Address any additional comments on this or other Prime documents to: Technical Publications Department Prime Computer, Inc. 500 Old Connecticut Path Framingham, MA 01701 r r Contents About This Book XI Part I: PRIMOS Basics Getting Started 1-1 The PRIMOS Operating System 1-1 The Terminal 1-4 The User's Dialog With PRIMOS 1-5 The Command Line 1-7 Essential PRIMOS Commands 1-10 The PRIMOS File System 2-1 File System Objects 2-1 Naming File System Objects 2-3 The File System Tree Structure 2-5 Pathnames 2-6 Shortening Pathnames 2-8 Pathnames, Objectnames, and PRIMOS Commands 2-10 PRIMOS File System Commands 3-1 Examining Directory Contents 3-1 Attaching to Another Directory 3-3 Returning to Your Origin Directory 3-5 Creating New Directories 3-5 Examining the Contents of a File 3-6 Renaming File System Objects 3-7 Copying File System Objects 3-8 Deleting File System Objects 3-11 Protecting Objects From Accidental Deletion 3-12 r Recording Terminal Sessions 3-14 Interrupting Commands 3-15 * > 4 Creating and Printing Files 4-1 T e x t F i l e s 4 - 1 T e x t E d i t o r s 4 - 2 U s i n g EDITOR 4 - 5 Basic ED Commands 4-10 Printing Text Files With SPOOL 4-24 5 Protecting Your Files and Directories 5-1 An Overview of File Protection 5-1 Access Control Lists (ACLs) 5-3 S p e c i fi c A C L s 5 - 5 Access Categories 5-9 Default Protection 5-14 ' Matching Access Rights 5-20 Who Can Set ACLs 5-20 Types of Access Rights 5-22 P r i o r i t y A C L s 5 - 2 8 6 Command-line Features 6-1 Multiple Commands 6-1 I t e r a t i o n 6 - 2 W i l d c a r d s 6 - 2 Treewalking 6 - 8 Name Generation 6-10 Syntax Suppression 6-13 7 Command-line Editor 7-1 Getting Started 7-1 Advanced ECL Commands 7-7 ECL Command Summary 7-24 ECL Command Options 7-28 8 Customizing Your Environment 8-1 Changing the Prompt Message 8-1 Creating and Using Abbreviations 8-4 Global Variables 8-10 Creating Login Files 8-13 Sending Messages 8-15 D i s k Q u o t a s 8 - 1 8 Part II: Programming 9 Introduction to PRIMOS Programming 9-1 For Experienced Programmers 9-1 Introductory Overview 9-1 """" ' 10 Compiling Programs 10-1 The Source File 10-1 Invoking Compilers 10-2 O b j e c t F i l e s 1 0 - 4 Addressing Modes 10-5 L i s t i n g F i l e s 1 0 - 6 Cross-references 1 0 - 7 Compiler Messages 10-7 Combining Languages in a Program 10-8 11 Linking Programs 11-1 Advantages of the BIND Linker 11-1 The Linking Process 11-2 U s i n g BIND 1 1 - 3 U s i n g LOAD 1 1 - 8 12 Running Programs Interactively 12-1 Using the Interactive Environment 12-1 The RESUME Command 12-2 The START Command 12-3 Runtime Error Messages 12-5 The Command Environment 12-5 13 Debugging Programs 13-1 DBG Code Requirements 13-1 The Features of DBG 13-2 Compiling and Linking the Program 13-4 Invoking and Terminating the Debugger 13-5 Examining the Source Code 13-5 Starting Program Execution 13-8 Stopping Execution 13-8 Examining and Modifying Data 13-10 A Sample Debugging Session 13-11 Part III: PRIMOS System Facilities 14 Command Files 14-1 Command Output Files 14-1 Command Input Files 14-4 15 The Basics of CPL 15-1 How Does CPL Work? 15-1 Creating and Executing CPL Programs 15-2 Using PRIMOS Commands in CPL Programs 15-3 Using Variables in CPL Programs 15-4 Decision Making (Branching) in CPL Programs 15-8 Using Functions in CPL Programs 15-12 Using CPL With Subsystems: &DATA Groups 15-13 How CPL Programs End: The &RETURN Directive 15-15 Errors in CPL Programs 15-16 Debugging CPL Programs 15-16 CPL Directives Summary 15-17 16 Phantom and Batch Job Processing 16-1 Phantom Execution 16-1 Batch Execution 16-5 17 File-handling Utilities 17-1 S o r t i n g F i l e s 1 7 - 1 Comparing Files 17-6 Merging Text Files 17-8 Joining Several Files Sequentially 17-10 1 8 T a p e s 1 8 - 1 Assigning Tape Drives 18-1 Releasing Tape Drives 18-3 Backing Up and Restoring Files 18-5 Other Magnetic Tape Operations 18-9 1 9 PRIMENET i g . - j Remote File Access 19-2 R e m o t e L o g i n 1 9 - 7 Using NETLINK for Remote Access 19-9 Transferring Files Between Systems With FTS 19-13 20 The Condition Mechanism 20-1 Using the Condition Mechanism 20-1 The System Default On-unit 20-2 Writing On-units 20-2 Appendices A G l o s s a r y A - 1 B Systems Defaults and Constants B-1 Terminal Defaults B-1 PRIMOS Keyboard Standards B-1 PRIMOS Keyboard Defaults B-1 PRIMOS Command Line Standards B-2 P r o t e c t i o n B - 2 C The Prime Extended Character Set C-1 Specifying Prime ECS Characters C-1 Special Meanings of Prime ECS Characters C-2 PRIME Extended Character Set Table C-2 D Error Messages D-1 Runtime Error Messages D-1 Batch Error Messages D-15 E Ed Command Summary E-1 ED D e f a u l t s E - 5 ED S y m b o l s E - 6 F Directory Passwords F-1 Assigning Directory Passwords F-1 Using Passwords to Gain Access to Directories F-2 Setting Access Rights on File System Objects F-2 Converting a Password Directory to an ACL Directory F-3 Converting an ACL Directory to a Password Directory F-5 Creating a Password Subdirectory Under an ACL Directory F-6 G System Information G-1 I n d e x l n d e x - 1 r r About This Book The PRIMOS User's Guide provides an intermediate level introduction to the PRIMOS® operating system, including the file system, program development environment, and system facilities. The presentation shows you step by step how to carry out basic operations with the operating system and many subsystems. Many practical examples are included, and references to other Prime documents tell you where to find further information. Part II of this book assumes that you have some programming background in a high level language. The remainder of the book requires no previous programming experience. The book assumes that you have no familiarity with Prime equipment or software.