280 pages 16.4 mm technical reportS series no. This publication contains radioisotope decay and production details of 49 isotopes that can be prepared using cyclotrons. The introductory chapter discusses the principles of radioisotope production using cyclotrons, while Chapter 2 contains data on nuclear decay characteristics such as half-life, mode of decay, energy and 468 abundance, nuclear reactions and excitation functions of the selected isotopes. This Technical Reports SeriEs No. Cyclotron Produced Radionuclides: Physical Characteristics and Production Methods 468 publication will be of interest to scientists and engineers working in radioisotope production using cyclotrons. Cyclotron Produced Radionuclides: Physical Characteristics and Production Methods INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA ISBN 978–92–0–106908–5 ISSN 0074–1914 D468_covI-IV.indd 1 2009-02-04 10:25:19 CYCLOTRON PRODUCED RADIONUCLIDES: PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PRODUCTION METHODS The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GUATEMALA PAKISTAN ALBANIA HAITI PALAU ALGERIA HOLY SEE PANAMA ANGOLA HONDURAS PARAGUAY ARGENTINA HUNGARY PERU ARMENIA ICELAND PHILIPPINES AUSTRALIA INDIA POLAND AUSTRIA INDONESIA PORTUGAL AZERBAIJAN IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF QATAR BANGLADESH IRAQ REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BELARUS IRELAND ROMANIA BELGIUM ISRAEL RUSSIAN FEDERATION BELIZE ITALY SAUDI ARABIA BENIN JAMAICA SENEGAL BOLIVIA JAPAN SERBIA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JORDAN BOTSWANA KAZAKHSTAN SEYCHELLES BRAZIL KENYA SIERRA LEONE BULGARIA KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SINGAPORE BURKINA FASO KUWAIT SLOVAKIA CAMEROON KYRGYZSTAN SLOVENIA CANADA LATVIA SOUTH AFRICA CENTRAL AFRICAN LEBANON SPAIN REPUBLIC LIBERIA SRI LANKA CHAD LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA SUDAN CHILE LIECHTENSTEIN SWEDEN CHINA LITHUANIA SWITZERLAND COLOMBIA LUXEMBOURG SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COSTA RICA MADAGASCAR TAJIKISTAN CÔTE D’IVOIRE MALAWI THAILAND CROATIA MALAYSIA THE FORMER YUGOSLAV CUBA MALI REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CYPRUS MALTA TUNISIA CZECH REPUBLIC MARSHALL ISLANDS TURKEY DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MAURITANIA UGANDA OF THE CONGO MAURITIUS UKRAINE DENMARK MEXICO UNITED ARAB EMIRATES DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MONACO UNITED KINGDOM OF ECUADOR MONGOLIA GREAT BRITAIN AND EGYPT MONTENEGRO NORTHERN IRELAND EL SALVADOR MOROCCO UNITED REPUBLIC ERITREA MOZAMBIQUE ESTONIA MYANMAR OF TANZANIA ETHIOPIA NAMIBIA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA FINLAND NEPAL URUGUAY FRANCE NETHERLANDS UZBEKISTAN GABON NEW ZEALAND VENEZUELA GEORGIA NICARAGUA VIETNAM GERMANY NIGER YEMEN GHANA NIGERIA ZAMBIA GREECE NORWAY ZIMBABWE The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’. TECHNICAL REPORTS SERIES No. 468 CYCLOTRON PRODUCED RADIONUCLIDES: PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PRODUCTION METHODS INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 2009 COPYRIGHT NOTICE All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis. Enquiries should be addressed to the IAEA Publishing Section at: Sales and Promotion, Publishing Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria fax: +43 1 2600 29302 tel.: +43 1 2600 22417 email: [email protected] http://www.iaea.org/books © IAEA, 2009 Printed by the IAEA in Austria February 2009 STI/DOC/010/468 IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Cyclotron produced radionuclides : physical characteristics and production methods. — Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2009. p. ; 24 cm. — (Technical reports series, ISSN 0074–1914 ; no. 468) STI/DOC/010/468 ISBN 978–92–0–106908–5 Includes bibliographical references. 1. Radioisotopes in medical diagnosis. — 2. Cyclotrons. I. International Atomic Energy Agency. II. Series: Technical reports series (International Atomic Energy Agency) ; 468. IAEAL 08–00552 FOREWORD Radioisotopes find applications in nearly all the countries of the world, contributing significantly to the improvement of health care and industrial output, as well as safety. Globally, the number of medical procedures involving the use of isotopes is constantly growing, and these procedures require an increasing number of different isotopes. In industry, isotope uses are very diverse, but their relative importance in the various sectors differs greatly. However, in general, isotopes are required where they are more efficient than the alternatives or have no substitute. The IAEA has been helping Member States in the development of technologies for the production, radiochemical processing, safe transport and applications of radioisotopes. IAEA publications, such as Radioisotope Production and Quality Control, published in 1971, were the reference publications used by many developing Member States for establishing their radioisotope production programmes. A recent publication, Manual for Reactor Produced Isotopes, published in 2003, elaborated on the production and radiochemical processing of 48 important reactor produced radioisotopes. The IAEA published a directory on cyclotrons used for isotope production in 1998, and revised versions were published in 2002 and 2006, which documented the cyclotrons available in Member States. The last 15 years have seen the installation of a large number of new cyclotrons for isotope production. Many of these are dedicated to the production of a single isotope or a small group of isotopes. However, the majority of them have spare capacity for the production of many other useful isotopes, and this capability needs to be explored. The IAEA has been extending support in various forms to Member States to acquire or enhance the technology they have for the production of isotopes using cyclotrons. The publication of reports covering different aspects of radioisotope production using cyclotrons has been one activity that has been identified which needs further input and support. In 2004, a group of consultants identified the need for a publication similar to the Manual for Reactor Produced Isotopes covering those isotopes that are of both current and potential interest. Consequently, 49 isotopes were identified, and 20 of these were further grouped in terms of their higher utility. It was decided to produce a report covering all the relevant information needed for the production of the above isotopes; the level of information corresponds to the extent of each isotope’s utility and the need for it. Consequently, this report covers data on nuclear decay characteristics such as half-life, mode of decay, energy and abundance, nuclear reactions and the excitation functions of the selected isotopes. The nuclear data given in this report are adapted from either the database of the IAEA and/or that of Brookhaven National Laboratory. For the most commonly used isotopes, additional data on target preparation, radiochemical processing, recovery of enriched targets and radiochemical specifications are also provided. The IAEA is grateful to the consultants who prepared this report and to the reviewers for their valuable contributions. One of the consultants, D.J. Schlyer (USA), edited the scientific content of this report. The IAEA officers responsible for this report were M.R.A. Pillai and M. Haji-Saeid of the Division of Physical and Chemical Sciences. EDITORIAL NOTE Although great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of information contained in this publication, neither the IAEA nor its Member States assume any responsibility for consequences which may arise from its use. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. PRINCIPLES OF PRODUCTION OF RADIOISOTOPES USING CYCLOTRONS . 1 1.1. INTRODUCTION. 1 1.2. CYCLOTRONS FOR RADIOISOTOPE PRODUCTION . 2 1.3. NUCLEAR REACTIONS . 4 1.3.1. Coulomb barrier . 5 1.3.2. Q value . 5 1.3.3. Nuclear reaction cross-section . 8 1.4. CALCULATION OF RADIOISOTOPE YIELD . 8 1.4.1. Saturation factor . 11 1.4.2. Nomenclature . 13 1.5. CYCLOTRON TARGETRY . 14 1.6. LABORATORY FACILITIES FOR RADIOISOTOPE PRODUCTION . 15 1.6.1. Laboratory design . 15 1.6.2. Airflow . 16 1.6.3. Radiation level gradient . 16 1.6.4. Workflow . 17 1.7. PACKAGES AND TRANSPORTATION OF RADIOISOTOPES . 18 1.8. CONCLUSION . 20 REFERENCES TO CHAPTER 1 . 20 CHAPTER 2. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PRODUCTION DETAILS OF ISOTOPES . 23 2.1. ACTINIUM-225 . 24 2.2. ARSENIC-73 . 28 2.3. ARSENIC-74 . 31 2.4.