INDIAN MYTHS By WILLIAM ELSEY CONNELLEY Secretary of the Kansas State Historical Society And a member by Adoption of the Wyandot Tribe Illustrated by WILLIAM WALLACE CLARKE RAND McNALLY & COMPANY NEW YORK CHICAGO SAN FRANCISCO V The Contents The Preface A Forward The Lord’s Prayer How A White Man Became An Indian How We Got These Indian Stories How The Great Island Was Made How The Sun Was Made The Moon And Her Children The Twins Who Were Gods Ska' reh Makes The Winter And Se' sta Makes The Summer The Beautiful Bridge To The Sky Why The Leaves Have Many Colors In Autumn Punishment Of The Rainbow How The Milky Way Was Put Into The Sky The Animals Go To The Land Of The Little People Why The Deer Sheds His Horns Every Year The Flood The Last Battle Making The World Again How A Man And His Daughter Became Stars Se’ sta Makes The Eagles The Death Song Of A Warrior The Singing Spring The Singing Maidens The First Garden The Golden Hornet Men di’ yos The Song of the Kingfisher VI The Untruthful Man The Bears of Red Mountain The Flying Heads The Game of Moccasin The Hoo’ stra doo’ How The Dove Got Its Color And Its Song Ska’ reh Steals The Coats of All The Birds The Wampum Bird The Witch Buffaloes, or How We Got The Cranberry Why Flowers Are Fragrant Suggestions For Teachers: Explanatory Notes The Progress of Mankind The Wyandots Wyandot Government Religion of the Wyandots Burial Ceremonies of the Hurons The Solemn Feast of the Dead VII The Preface These Indian myths were collected by William Elsey Connelley. They were secured from the old people of the Wyandot tribe many years ago. Mr. Connelley was adopted by the Wyandot as a mark of favor for the work he did among them. These stories have been adapted for use in the third, fourth, and fifth grades of the American public schools. They are written in the vocabulary and expression of those grades. The adaptation was principally made by Miss Edna Clyne of the Seattle public schools. Mr. Wallace Clarke, in his illustrations for the book, has admirably interpreted these Indian myths. The value of such material as will be found in this book has always been recognized. It has not been utilized to any great extent for the reason that there has not heretofore been any intelligent effort to adapt it to any specific place in the schools. Schoolbooks on this subject have been collections of miscellaneous tales written in the vocabulary of ordinary literature. Whatever of adaptation was attempted was in the use of a patronizing style, which served only to offend the child. Having no definite place, the books failed of any extensive use. These mythic tales are poetry. But they are not written in verse. They are not the poesy of civilized man, which must sacrifice strength to conventional expression. They are the lyric poetry of a strong primitive race with an untrammeled imagination running riot in contemplation of worlds and stars and suns and gods and creations. They are accounts of heroic achievement in those early periods of human development when the principles were evolved and the institutions created upon which civilization rests. These echoes of the primal mind are sublime. Those who read them aright shall be enraptured, transported, made strong in the faith of the ultimate triumph of all righteousness. For when man passes out of that age when the stars speak to him, when the thunder VIII has a voice for him, when the glory of nature is essential to him, he forgets God. Some of these stories reach down to that period of progress in which flourished the Scandinavian skalds, when Celtic bards sang of Ossian and when the Semitic mind produced that survival set down in the annals of Israel: “When the morning stars sang together and all the sons of God shouted for joy.” And that other immortal one: “Lift up your heads, O ye gates; and be ye lifted up, ye everlasting doors.” That man shall be in accord with nature, the imagination of the child must be touched. And in all efforts to influence society to turn to justice and prefer it and to live in right conscience and rejoice in it, we must ever bear in mind the eternal truth that “where there is no vision the people perish.” W. E. C. Topeka, Kansas IX A Foreword The art of story telling is being lost. Its value as a national trait is recognized – unquestioned. If it is to be revived, the beginning must be made with the children. The child mind is ever eager for entertainment – amusement. This fact should not be forgotten by those who must instruct. If this inclination can be made the motive of effort, the greatest obstacle to study will have been overcome. For only when interested does the child receive and retain impressions. He works to permanent account when his enthusiasm is aroused and maintained. As an aid to that end, in connection with this work, the “Suggestions for Teachers,” pages 125-167, have been prepared. This section is intended to provide, for the use of the teacher, ample information of a general nature concerning the Wyandot, their government, their religion, their customs, and their characteristics. Reference to it should be made before any assignment of work is given. Pupils will respond freely to the method of a preliminary review. They will ask many questions. If this preparatory inquiry has been effective, the hour of recitation will find them aglow with lively anticipations of a pleasant and profitable session in class. Extending these suggestions into detail, it is evident that these stories may be made the opening door to a world of the child's own making. We know that there must be developed in the child a creative imagination if he is to have any optimistic vision of the future of even his own life. There is no chapter in the book which does not readily lend itse1f to that purpose. But it is essential that pupils shall understand that these wonderful stories are only what the Wyandot had devised to account for the manifestations of nature, and that they are not scientifically true. Their value lies in art and not in science. Examine any story with this in view or take any object mentioned – the sun, for example. When the origin of the sun was X considered by the primitive man who knew nothing of science, he turned to his conceptions of cosmology for solution. Finally a cause was worked out which agreed with his religion. To make it easy of preservation he gave it the form of a story in the scheme of creation. This same process is true of all these stories of cause – of the why. It was the plan of the Wyandot wise men to personify all the great forces of nature and give them the attributes of gods some good, some bad, as these manifestations of nature were harsh or gentle, mild or destructive. These things may be made plain to the child by means always at hand. Say the topic is thunder – Heno. The teacher might inquire if the child had ever thought of what makes the thunder. Or she might ask if the child had gone to father and mother to find out what they thought about thunder. If so, what did they say? What had any other person said? Then the subject might be discussed from the view of fact and the Wyandot conception. It is explained in some of the stories how the Wyandot believe that certain birds got their songs. Children may be encouraged to write imaginary stories telling how other birds might have gotten their songs. The phases of the moon are of interest to children. In fact, the moon is a favorite with most people. Its nearness to the earth makes it loom large in the sky. Its growth and diminution have ever had a fascination for mankind. The Indian counted time by the moon. There is much to be said of the moon to children. And the Wyandot account will be eagerly heard and read as something wonderful and strange. But the child should be informed as to the facts about the changes of the moon. The creation of various physical features of the world and the creatures that are found on the earth will furnish material for discussions and exercises in class. The thought that all bad things were made by the Evil One may be new to the children. But they will be inclined to accept that as reasonable, at least. And that XI the Good One should be concerned for the people and make things for their comfort, the child will accept as a matter of right. The change of the seasons is a subject which will attract the mind of the child. The story of how Ska’ reh made the winter and how Se’ sta the summer will delight children. In the study of this chapter the real cause of the change of the seasons can be impressed indelibly on the child mind. This is a very useful as well as a beautiful story. There is more beautiful object in nature than the rainbow. From time immemorial man had looked in love and wonder on the rainbow. It was a pledge of protection forever against the destruction of the world by water. God set it in the clouds as a reassurance. This is one of the few stories in the world in which inanimate objects converse with persons or animals.