EDITORIAL COMMITTEE DM ITRY ČIŽEVSKY Haward University OLEKSANDER GRANOVSKY University of Minnesota ROMAN SMAL STOCKI Marquette University VOLODYMYR P. TIMOSHENKO Stanford University EDITOR MICHAEL VETUKHIV Columbia University TECHNICAL EDITOR HENRY M. NEBEL, J r. The Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U. S. are published quarterly by the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U.S., Inc. A Special issue will take place of 2 issues. All correspondence, orders, and remittances should be sent to The Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U. S. 11 У- West 26th Street, New York 10, N. Y. PRICE OF THIS ISSUE: $5.00 ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: J6.00 A special rate is offered to libraries and graduate and undergraduate students in the fields of Slavic studies. Copyright 1955, by the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U.S., Inc. THE ANNALS of the UKRAINIAN ACADEMY of Arts and Sciences in the U. S. Vol. IV-V Sum m er-Fall, 1955 No. 4 (14)-1 (15) Special Issue THE SETTLEMENT OF THE SOUTHERN UKRAINE (1750-1775) N. D. Polons’ka -Vasylenko Published by THE UKRAINIAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES IN T H E U.S., Inc. New York 1955 THE ANNALS OF THE UKRAINIAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES IN THE U. S., INC. S p e c i a l I s s u e CONTENTS page Introduction .................................................................................. 1 P a r t O n e COLONIZATION OF NOVA SERBIYA AND SLAVYAN OSERBIYA I. The Return of the Zaporozhians to their “Free Lands” .............................................................................. 5 II. Colonization of the “Places Beyond the Dnepr” and the “Ukrainian Line” ................................................ 19 III. Recruitment of Foreign Colonists and the Plan to Establish Military Settlements in Nova Serbiya and Slavyanoserbiya ............................................................. 40 IV. The Territory of Nova Serbiya and Slavyanoserbiya 50 V. The Administration of Nova Serbiya and Slavyano­ serbiya .............................................................................. 75 VI. The Foreign Population of Nova Serbiya and Slavy­ anoserbiya ..................................................................... 102 VII. The Ukrainian Population of Nova Serbiya and Sla­ vyanoserbiya ................................................................. 121 VIII. Concluding Remarks on the Colonization of Nova Serbiya and Slavyanoserbiya .................................... 163 P a r t Tw o SETTLEMENT OF THE PROVINCE OF NEW RUSSIA I. The Territory of the Province of New Russia .... 181 II. Administration of the Province of New Russia .... 193 III. Plan of Settlement of the Province of New Russia 200 IV. Distribution of Land to Landlords and the Settling of Estates ..................................................................... 218 V. Colonization of State Settlements and Towns A. State Settlements ..................................................... 238 B. Town Population ..................................................... 257 VI. Some Conclusions on Colonization ........................... 266 VII. Relations between the Settlers of the New Russia Province and the Zaporozhians ................................ 290 Bibliographical Note ................................................................. 333 B ibliography.................................................................................. 339 Map ............................................................................................... 351 Index to the M a p .......................................................................... 351 A Note on T ransliteration......................................................... 353 Editor’s N o te .................................................................................. 354 PREFACE This work is the result of more than thirty years research in the archives of the Ukraine and Moscow. Orginally, The Settle­ ment of the Southern Ukraine, 1750-1775, was to be the first vol­ ume of a broader historical work—The Settlement of the South­ ern Ukraine in the Eighteenth Century. The second volume of this work was to be The Settlement of the Southern Ukraine, 1775-1797, but it was lost during the Second W orld War. The author wishes to acknowledge the help and assistance of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U. S., espe­ cially, its president, Professor M. O. Vetukhiv; the Research Pro­ gram on the U.S.S.R. and its assistant director, Dr. Robert Slus- ser; the translator, Professor Ihor Ševčenko; Dr. Mark Raeff, who helped in the preliminary editing, and Professor O. P. Ohloblyn, who helped during the final editing of the work. N. Polons’ka-Vasylenko The translating and editing of this study were carried out with the assistance of the Research Program on the U.S.S.R. (East European Fund, Inc.). Its publication as a Special Issue of the Annals was facilitated by a grant from the Research Program. The views of the author are her own and do not necessarily represent these of the Research Program on the U.S.S.R. or the East European Fund. INTRODUCTION The subject of the present work is the colonization of the Southern Ukraine in the middle of the eighteenth century, the period in which this movement reached its peak. The years 1734 and 1775 were chosen as the chronological boundaries of this study. The first date marked the relase of the Zaporozhian Cossacks from the T atar protectorate and the found­ ation of the New Sich (.Nova Sich) on the Pidpil’na River; the second, the liquidation of the Zaporozhian Sich. This period was characterized by features distinguishing it from the years which preceded and followed. During the period of the New Zaporozhian Sich the coloniz­ ing activity was intensified. The Zaporozhian nobility (starshy- na) , in the process of strengthening and consolidating, strove to develop the rural economy in these regions, which led to an ever-growing struggle with the Russian authorities for the land. The establishment of Nova Serbiya (New Serbia) and Slav­ yanoserbiya (Slavic Serbia), foreign military colonies, founded partly on the borders of Zaporozhian “Free Lands” (Volnosti, i. e. privileged territories) and partly on these Zaporozhian lands proper, is the second salient feature of the period under discus­ sion. Their purpose was to protect the Russian frontiers from Tatar incursions as well as from possible complications which might arise in dealing with the Zaporozhian Cossacks. However, these colonies did not justify the hopes and the trust put in them by the authorities; they failed to form a reliable bulwark, but, instead, were the first step of the Russian authorities towards the destruction of Zaporizhzhya. A third feature was the abolishment of the Serbian colonies and the establishment of the province of New Russia (Novo- rossiiskaya guberniya) in their stead. The Russian authorities, in penetrating more and more deeply into the Zaporozhian step­ pes, were preparing the destruction of Zaporizhzhya. This whole period is characterized by an incessant and increasingly active colonization in the direction of Southern Ukraine. Ukrainian and Russian peasants were fleeing serfdom’s evertightening grip. 1 9 THE ANNALS OF THE UKRAINIAN ACADEMY Masses of settlers from the Left-Bank Ukraine and from Russia were joined by those from the Right-Bank Ukraine, when the extensive privileges by which the landlords had lured settlers to abandoned lands were curtailed. Then, too, towards the mid­ dle of the eighteenth century both the Russian government and the Zaporozhian nobility began to use all means to attract set­ tlers to the Southern Ukraine. Settlements (.slobody, privileged communities) and towns, organized by the state or the landlords, were set up. In this period the flow of Russian and Ukrainian capital is hardly noticeable. The establishment of the Serbian military colonies and the province of New Russia, half military in character, was to protect the landlords of the Left-Bank and and of Slobids’ka Ukraine (part of the Left-Bank Ukraine) from Tatar and Zaporozhian incursions from the south. At that time, Ukrainian and Russian landlords did not dare come to these territories, so fraught with insecurity and danger. There­ fore the majority of landlords, who had been allotted lands there, were officers of local regiments and employees of the local chan­ ceries. Only the more enterprising and versatile representatives of the commercial and industrial bourgeoisie, most of them Russian, came there, founding mills and factories and establish­ ing commercial relations. The year 1775, the end of the period under discussion, is a decisive date between two epochs. By the Treaty of Kuchuk- Kainardji (1774), Russia gained control over the Black Sea littoral, which opened a broad route for commercial relations with both Asia and Europe. The Crimean protectorate guaran­ teed that the Ukraine would not be molested by Tatar invasions. The destruction of the Zaporozhian Sich, which had presented an obstacle to the movement of Russian capital in the direction of the Black Sea, introduced a radical change in the position of the country. The vast area of the Zaporozhian “Free Lands’’ was incorporated in the provinces of New Russia and Azov (Oziv). These lands then became the field of expansion for Ukrainian and Russian landlords. Huge latifundia were founded there, whose wheat and other agricultural produce were channeled towards the Black Sea ports. INTRODUCTION З Thus, these years constitute