CRIBB & History Asia KAHIN HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF ASIA, OCEANIA, AND THE MIDDLE EAST, NO. 51 SECOND EDITION Praise for the first edition: “This weighty volume . will be extremely useful for anyone needing quick information about Indonesia’s past and present.” Dictionary Historical —Australian Journal of International Affairs “A sophisticated reference tool that will aid the user, of whatever background, to find immediate information about Indonesian history.” —The Journal of Asian Studies of INDONESIA Indonesia is Asia’s third largest country in both population and area, a sprawling tropical archipelago of 180 million people, representing hundreds of ethnic groups, with a complex, turbulent history. One of Asia’s newly industrializing countries, it is already a major economic powerhouse. In more than 800 clear and succinct entries, Historical Dictionary of Indonesia covers people, places, and organizations, as well as economics, culture, and politics from Indonesia’s ancient history until the recent past. With a comprehensive bibliography, maps, chronology, list of abbre- viations, and appendix of election results and major office-holders, this second edition has been thoroughly updated and expanded to include the past fifteen years. Robert Cribb is senior fellow at the Australian National University in Canberra. His HISTORICAL DICTIONARY OF research interests focus on Indonesia and include political violence, national identity, and historical geography. He is the author of several books on Indonesia. Audrey Kahin was managing editor of Southeast Asia publications at Cornell and coeditor and editor of the journal Indonesia from 1978 to 1995. She has also written extensively on Indonesia and Southeast Asia and visits the region frequently. INDONESIA SECOND For orders and information please contact the publisher EDITION SCARECROW PRESS, INC. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200 ROBERT CRIBB ISBN-13: 978-0-8108-4935-8 Lanham, Maryland 20706 ISBN-10: 0-8108-4935-6 1-800-462-6420 90000 fax 717-794-3803 AUDREY KAHIN 9 780810 849358 www.scarecrowpress.com 04-031 01 Front 4/21/04 11:41 AM Page i HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF WAR, REVOLUTION, AND CIVIL UNREST Edited by Jon Woronoff Asia 1. Vietnam, by William J. Duiker. 1989. Out of print. See No. 27. 2. Bangladesh, 2nd ed., by Craig Baxter and Syedur Rahman. 1996. Out of print. See No. 48. 3. Pakistan, by Shahid Javed Burki. 1991. Out of print. See No. 33. 4. Jordan, by Peter Gubser. 1991 5. Afghanistan, by Ludwig W. Adamec. 1991. Out of print. See No. 47. 6. Laos, by Martin Stuart-Fox and Mary Kooyman. 1992. Out of print. See No. 35. 7. Singapore, by K. Mulliner and Lian The-Mulliner. 1991 8. Israel, by Bernard Reich. 1992 9. Indonesia, by Robert Cribb. 1992. Out of print. See No. 51. 10. Hong Kong and Macau, by Elfed Vaughan Roberts, Sum Ngai Ling, and Peter Bradshaw. 1992 11. Korea, by Andrew C. Nahm. 1993 12. Taiwan, by John F. Copper. 1993. Out of print. See No. 34. 13. Malaysia, by Amarjit Kaur. 1993. Out of print. See No. 36. 14. Saudi Arabia, by J. E. Peterson. 1993. Out of print. See No. 45. 15. Myanmar, by Jan Becka. 1995 16. Iran, by John H. Lorentz. 1995 17. Yemen, by Robert D. Burrowes. 1995 18. Thailand, by May Kyi Win and Harold Smith. 1995 19. Mongolia, by Alan J. K. Sanders. 1996. Out of print. See No. 42. 20. India, by Surjit Mansingh. 1996 21. Gulf Arab States, by Malcolm C. Peck. 1996 22. Syria, by David Commins. 1996. Out of Print. See No. 50. 23. Palestine, by Nafez Y. Nazzal and Laila A. Nazzal. 1997 24. Philippines, by Artemio R. Guillermo and May Kyi Win. 1997 Oceania 1. Australia, by James C. Docherty. 1992. Out of print. See No. 32. 2. Polynesia, by Robert D. Craig. 1993. Out of print. See No. 39. 3. Guam and Micronesia, by William Wuerch and Dirk Ballendorf. 1994 4. Papua New Guinea, by Ann Turner. 1994. Out of print. See No. 37. 5. New Zealand, by Keith Jackson and Alan McRobie. 1996 04-031 01 Front 4/21/04 11:41 AM Page ii New Combined Series 25. Brunei Darussalam, by D. S. Ranjit Singh and Jatswan S. Sidhu. 1997 26. Sri Lanka, by S. W. R. de A. Samarasinghe and Vidyamali Samaras- inghe. 1998 27. Vietnam, 2nd ed., by William J. Duiker. 1998 28. People’s Republic of China: 1949–1997, by Lawrence R. Sullivan, with the assistance of Nancy Hearst. 1998 29. Afghanistan, 2nd ed., by Ludwig W. Adamec. 1997. Out of print. See No. 47. 30. Lebanon, by As’ad AbuKhalil. 1998 31. Azerbaijan, by Tadeusz Swietochowski and Brian C. Collins. 1999 32. Australia, 2nd ed., by James C. Docherty. 1999 33. Pakistan, 2nd ed., by Shahid Javed Burki. 1999 34. Taiwan (Republic of China), 2nd ed., by John F. Copper. 2000 35. Laos, 2nd ed., by Martin Stuart-Fox. 2001 36. Malaysia, 2nd ed., by Amarjit Kaur. 2001 37. Papua New Guinea, 2nd ed., by Ann Turner. 2001 38. Tajikistan, by Kamoludin Abdullaev and Shahram Akbarzedeh. 2002 39. Polynesia, 2nd ed., by Robert D. Craig. 2002 40. North Korea, by Ilpyong J. Kim. 2003 41. Armenia, by Rouben Paul Adalian. 2002 42. Mongolia, 2nd ed., by Alan J. K. Sanders. 2003 43. Cambodia, by Justin Corfield and Laura Summers. 2003 44. Iraq, by Edmund A. Ghareeb with the assistance of Beth Dougherty. 2004 45. Saudi Arabia, 2nd ed., by J. E. Peterson. 2003 46. Nepal, by Nanda R. Shrestha and Keshav Bhattarai. 2003 47. Afghanistan, 3rd ed., by Ludwig W. Adamec. 2003 48. Bangladesh, 3rd ed., by Craig Baxter and Syedur Rahman. 2003 49. Kyrgyzstan, by Rafis Abazov. 2004 50. Syria, 2nd ed., by David Commins. 2004 51. Indonesia, 2nd ed., by Robert Cribb and Audrey Kahin. 2004 04-031 01 Front 4/22/04 7:01 AM Page iii Historical Dictionary of Indonesia Second Edition Robert Cribb Audrey Kahin Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East, No. 51 The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Oxford 2004 04-031 01 Front 4/21/04 11:41 AM Page iv SCARECROW PRESS, INC. Published in the United States of America by Scarecrow Press, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200 Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.scarecrowpress.com PO Box 317 Oxford OX2 9RU, UK Copyright © 2004 by Robert Cribb and Audrey Kahin All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cribb, R. B. Historical dictionary of Indonesia / Robert Cribb, Audrey Kahin.— 2nd ed. p. cm. — (Historical dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East ; 51) Includes index. ISBN 0-8108-4935-6 (alk. paper) 1. Indonesia—History—Dictionaries. I. Kahin, Audrey. II. Title. III. Series. DS633 .C75 2004 959.8'003—dc22 2003025416 ∞™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Manufactured in the United States of America. 04-031 01 Front 4/21/04 11:41 AM Page v Contents Editor’s Foreword vii Preface ix Acknowledgments xi Reader’s Note xiii Acronyms and Abbreviations xvii Maps xxxi Chronology xlv Introduction lxiii THE DICTIONARY 1 Appendix A. Governors-General of the Netherlands Indies 463 Appendix B. Netherlands Ministers of the Colonies 467 Appendix C. Rulers of the Early States 473 Appendix D. Cabinets of the Republic of Indonesia 477 Appendix E. Republic of Indonesia Officeholders 479 Appendix F. Parliamentary Strengths and Electoral Performance of the Parties, 1945–1999 489 Bibliography 499 About the Authors 583 v 04-031 01 Front 4/21/04 11:41 AM Page vi 04-031 01 Front 4/21/04 11:41 AM Page vii Editor’s Foreword When the first edition of this volume appeared just over a decade ago, it would have seemed almost pointless to ask in which direction Indonesia would turn. Everything seemed perfectly clear. It had a political regime that was, if anything, too stable and an economy that was moving smartly ahead toward a secure status as a newly industrialized country. But now, with the damage caused by the Asian financial crisis and the uncertainty since the fall of Suharto, there are many questions to answer: political, economic, so- cial, and even religious. Will democracy take hold this time, or will insta- bility reign (unless the army intervenes again)? Will industrialization con- tinue and supplement weaker agricultural and mining sectors, and will the states leave more room for private enterprise? Will the many peoples, re- gions, and classes come together or splinter further? Will Islam cohabit comfortably with other religions, or will the appeal (or fear) of an Islamic state be too strong? This book cannot provide the answers, but it can cer- tainly elucidate the questions and give some idea of where Indonesia is headed at present. So it is of much greater interest for all those concerned about Indonesia, the Indonesians first and foremost, followed by the rest of Southeast Asia and the broader world as well. This second edition of the Historical Dictionary of Indonesia has been thoroughly updated and considerably expanded, partly to round out its overall coverage, and very much also to include information about the many things that have occurred meanwhile. It has a double advantage in ex- amining Indonesia as a country but also looking closely at its numerous components, without which nothing makes sense.