Hydrodynamics of the dark superfluid: IV. Cosmological model Marco Fedi To cite this version: Marco Fedi. Hydrodynamics of the dark superfluid: IV. Cosmological model. 2017. hal-01562688 HAL Id: hal-01562688 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01562688 Preprint submitted on 17 Jul 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) Hydrodynamics of the dark superfluid: IV. Cosmological model. Marco Fedi Received: date / Accepted: date Abstract In our previous works about the hydrodynamic- inflation) up to baryon asymmetry, galaxy structure forma- s of the dark superfluid1 (dark energy + dark matter) we tion, dwarf galaxies scarcity, necessity of accelerated expan- have addressed issues concerning particle physics, nature sion, stable density of vacuum energy despite expansion etc. and propagation of light, quantum gravity and relativity. Here Nevertheless, the general acceptance of the standard model we want to test the convenience of a cosmological model and the numerous efforts to make it work properly, are due based on such a dark superfluid. We obtain a solution to the to the fact that we have currently found a single valid expla- cosmological redshift that matches the set of available da- nation to the redshift observed by E. Hubble, that of an ex- ta, including distant supernovae, without resorting to an ex- panding universe. However, after decades, the feeling is now panding universe. The correct redshift seems to be due to the to insist on a path which is maybe not correct. As Hossen- density of the dark superfluid fading out over large distances felder has recently stated [23], “science needs reason to be in spherical distribution. The model seems also suitable to trusted”. We therefore believe that we need to reinterpretate solve baryon asymmetry and to let us better understand the the cosmological redshift, by starting from a better under- nature of dark energy and of light itself. Still critical issues standing of the physical vacuum and of the nature of light, as the Big Bang, cosmic inflation and accelerated expansion as previously discussed in [2,3]. The results are encourag- of the universe would vanish, opening up new prospects. ing. Since the universe is filled at 95% with dark energy and dark matter (the dark superfluid (DS)), light has to propagate Keywords Standard model of cosmology · cosmological through them rather than through a real, Newtonian vacu- redshift · quantum cosmology · superfluid vacuum · light um. A foaming quantum vacuum where particle-antiparticle propagation · dark energy pairs continuously appear and annihilate is perhaps nothing PACS 98.80.Es · 98.62.Py · 42.25.Bs · 95.36.+x · 95.35.+d but the stochastic quantum hydrodynamic oscillation in the order parameter of the DS, in which vortex-antivortex pairs form and annihilate [2], as also observed in liquid helium Introduction when cooled under a critical temperature and in polariton- s superfluids [6], even at room temperatures [11]. We have The standard FLRW LCDM big-bang model presents, as speculated that a photon too might be a quantum hydrody- known, many unsolved criticalities, as also recently remarked namic perturbation of the DS, a phonon propagating through by Lopez-Corredoira´ [1]. Cosmic inflation is for instance it, since we know that phonons also propagate through flu- a necessary complementary theory to the model but itself ids and superfluids, even as transversal waves [36] and pos- not justified resorting to current physics. These problems sess wave-particle duality such as photons. Furthermore, the range from the issues of homogeneity, flatness and magnetic speed of sound in dilatant fluids cannot be surpassed, thus, monopoles (as we know, artificially solved by introducing by hypothesizing a dilatant behavior of the DS (due to its granular, quantum nature) under shear stress occurring in a M.Fedi Ministero dell’Istruzione, Dell’Universita` e della Ricerca (MIUR), relativistic regime, we would also explain the reason why the Rome, Italy speed of light cannot be surpassed [3]. Once it has transient- E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] ly passed to a solid state, only sound, i.e. light in this case, 1 See ref. [2–4] can still propagate through it and this would pave the way 2 Marco Fedi to merging special relativity with quantum physics, specifi- 1 Structure of the universe cally with quantum hydrodynamics (see chart and details in [3], Sect. 4). Once taken into account the existence of the Here we assume that the dark superfluid be distributed in a DS, the analogies photon-phonon were too many to make us spherical volume and that its density fades out in distance, desist from re-investigating the nature of light. In this case up to be zero at its boundary. In the present model, the uni- the speed of light would be dependent on the density of the verse is therefore a bubble of dark superfluid showing a 1=r DS. density decrease (see Fig. 1). By assuming that this bub- By taking into account this dependence, we obtain an exact ble is not expanding, we obtain in Sect. 3 the correct chart solution to the complete data set concerning the cosmolog- for the cosmological redshift. Outside of this bubble noth- ical redshift with a single equation, which indeed describes ing, nor light can propagate. By approaching the edge of the speed of light through the DS. This without resorting to the universe, light would progressively lose energy, redshift- expanding and accelerating universe and obtaining a sim- ing up to vanish. In the model the spherical volume filled pler and effective cosmological model (see table in the an- with dark superfluid is also spinning and we therefore agree nex for a model comparison). Here the energy density of with Longo [15], who hypothesizes a rotating primordial free space coincides with that of dark energy (whose value universe. A spinning bubble (at least previously spinning) is still debated, see Sect. 2) that permeates the whole cosmos is not necessary for our redshift computations but helps to and we believe it possess, along with dark matter, superfluid solve other well-known issues. As for laboratory superfluid- features, analogous to those of a Bose-Einstein condensate s, where single-handed vortices emerge from a rotating su- [38], at the average temperature of the cosmic microwave perfluid (Fig. 1), such a rotation would explain baryogenesis background (CMB). As known, in cosmology it is indeed without antimatter, solving the baryon asymmetry and also useful to treat the universe as a fluid, which some authors let explaining the statistical one-handed bias of spiral galaxies coincide with dark energy [5,8,2], if a single-fluid model is [15] and the left-handed bias of life molecules [18]. About taken into account. the reasons for considering massive fundamental particles Exactly as Maxwell derived his equation for the speed of as quantized vortices in the DS see [2]. As regards baryon light from the density and the elasticity of the hypothesized asymmetry, the decay of B mesons is indeed predicted to fa- ether, translated into the magnetic permeability and permit- vor the production of matter over antimatter but not enough tivity of vacuum, we use in our computations a formula for to explain the huge preponderance of matter in the present the speed of light based on its propagation through the D- universe. Recent tests at the LHCb [16] showed that baryons S. In superfluid quantum gravity (SQG) [4], the ether wind too seem to violate the CP symmetry by following different ––or, to be precise, the flow of DS due to Bernoulli pres- decay paths but stronger data are necessary and this phe- sure exerted by massive particles being quantum vortices in nomenon is likely too rare in nature. Thus, with the present the DS [2,4] ––corresponds to the gravitational field, as pre- knowledge, baryon asymmetry remains unsolved in the stan- viously hypothesized also by other authors [32,33]. In this dard LCDM big-bang model. On the contrary, Fig. 1 shows case, the premise of the Michelson-Morley test (relative mo- how a rotating superfluid could generate only same-handed tion Earth-ether) [28] would have been inappropriate and no particles, explaining the observable absence of antimatter in ether could be detected. The negative result of that test has the universe. forced us to reject the existence of a dark medium permeat- ing the physical vacuum and this despite growing evidences 2 The problem of vacuum energy density from quantum physics (quantum vacuum) and cosmology (dark energy) about the non-existence of a real, Newtoni- From measurements of the WMAP probe, the energy den- an vacuum [2,7,19,20,22,38] as also investigated in recent sity of vacuum (we assume dark energy) results to be ∼ works [34,35], and on the contrary about the existence of 6 × 10−9J=m3. However, in our model, as long as quantum a dark medium owning superfluid features which photons vortices do not form in the DS [2,4], dark energy does not might propagate through as quasi-particles [3], i.e. as quan- exert gravitational pull. This is clear also considering the tized waves which possess a momentum.