THE WORLD RESHAPED Volume 1: Fifty Years after the War in Europe From the same publishers Richard Cobbold (editor) TilE WORLD RESHAPED Volume 2: Fifty Years after the War in Asia The World Reshaped Volume 1: Fifty Years after the War in Europe Edited by Richard Cobbold Director Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies Foreword by H.R.H. The Prince of Wales First published in Great Britain 1996 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-0-333-65453-8 ISBN 978-1-349-24727-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-24727-1 First published in the United States of America 1996 by ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978-0-312-16020-3 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The World reshaped : volume 1: fifty years after the war in Europe / edited by Richard Cobbold : foreword by HRH the Prince of Wales. p. cm. — (RUSI defence studies series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-312-16020-3 1. History, Modern—1945- I. Cobbold, Richard. II. Series. D840.W68 1996 940.55—dc20 95-53536 CIP © Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies 1996 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. 10 987654321 05 04 03 02 01 00 99 98 97 96 Contents Notes on the Contributors vii Foreword by HRH The Prince of Wales xi Introduction by Rear Admiral Richard Cobbold xii 1 Europe: Past, Present and Future Geoffrey Till 1 2 The Liberation of Europe: Safeguarding the Legacy The Rt. Hon. Lord Carrington 15 3 The End of the War in Europe and of National-Socialist Tyranny President Richard von Weizsiicker 29 4 Don't Forget the Sea Admiral of the Fleet the Lord Lewin 43 5 An Address to the Council of Europe Tadeusz Mazowiecki 70 6 The North Atlantic Alliance: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow Field Marshal Sir Richard Vincent 78 7 Why We Are Here: The New NATO and Its Vision of a New Europe General George A Joulwan 95 8 Thanks For The Memory Wing Commander Andrew Brookes 107 9 European Security Major Nicaise 119 v vi 10 Out of the Past Grows the Future Major Ra/flung 126 11 Repression to Rejuvenation: Eastern Europe in a New Continent His Majesty King Michael of Romania 133 12 Brute Force and Genius: The View From The Soviet Union Dr Christopher Bellamy 146 13 Resistance and the Re-emergence of German Democracy Manfred Rommel 172 14 France in the Aftermath of War: 182 France in 1945 Pierre Miquel 182 France and Germany Reconciled Jean Guitton 185 The Construction of Europe 1945-1950 Elisabeth du Reau 187 15 Sweden's Neutrality - A Debatable Balancing Act Lars Hjorne 194 16 Compendium of Articles From The RUSI Journal 1945-1989 204 Index 242 Notes on the Contributors Dr Christopher Bellamy has been Defence Correspondent of the Independent newspaper since April 1990. He has reported from recent wars in the Gulf in 1991, in Bosnia from 1992-94 and, most recently, from Chechnya in January 1995, where he was able to combine his background as a Russian military specialist with front-line reporting. Prior to joining the Independent, he was senior research analyst in the Centre for Defence Studies, University of Edinburgh, where he completed his PhD on the Russian and Soviet View of Future War under the supervision of Professor John Erickson. He was also consultant editor on the Soviet­ German war for The Times Atlas of the Second World War (1989). Educated at the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst and the Universities of Oxford, London, Westminster and Edinburgh, he interspersed service in the Army and Civil Service with his academic career before entering journalism. Wing Commander Andrew Brookes was educated at Leeds and Cambridge Universities. After completing pilot training, he served on five Victor, Canberra and Vulcan squadrons. He has published eight books on aviation history and is a former RUSI Trench Gascoigne prize winner. He is currently a Group Director at the RAP Staff College. Andrew Brookes was born shortly before VE Day. He gives a very personal view of the development of post-war Europe before looking ahead to the future. Rear Admiral Richard Cobbold CB FRAeS left the Royal Navy in 1994 after 33 years, having specialised in naval aviation and commanded three ships, most recently Second Frigate Squadron. In the late 1980s he held senior appointments at the MoD, including Director Defence Concepts, Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff (Joint Systems) 1992 to 1993 and ACDS Operational Requirements for Sea Systems to 1994. He was appointed Director of the Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies in 1994. The Rt. Hon. Lord Carrington has held several senior government posts including Secretary of State for Defence and Secretary of State for Foreign vii viii Notes on the Contributors and Commonwealth Affairs. He was Secretary General of NATO from 1984 to 1988 and Chairman of the EC Conference on Yugoslavia from 1991 to 1992. He is currently a Director of Christie's International plc and The Telegraph plc. Jean Guitton is a member of the Academie Franyaise. Lars Hjorne has recently retired as Editor-in-Chief of Goteborgs-Posten, Sweden's second largest morning daily (Liberal). He in now chairman of the Board and has handed editorial responsibility to his son, Peter. Shortly after the British government closed its Consulate General in Gothenburg - as part of a cost-cutting exercise - Lars Hjome was appointed Honourary Consul General, a post in which he is still serving. General George A Joulwan has held a variety of command and staff posts in four tours in Europe, two combat tours in Vietnam and several in Washington DC. He commanded US Southern Command in Panama before being appointed Supreme Allied Commander Europe in 1992. Major Ralf Jung is an Officer in the Armoured Reconnaisance Group of the Bundeswehr and took part in the 36th Army General Staff course at the Leadership Academy of the Bundeswehr in Hamburg. Admiral of the Fleet the Lord Lewin KG GCB LVO DSC has had a distinguished career in the Navy and Ministry of Defence, culminating in his appointment as Chief of the Defence Staff from 1979 to 1982. Tadeusz Mazowiecki was a prominent member of Solidarity in the 1980s and Prime Minister of the first Solidarity government formed in 1989. He was Special Reporter on Human Rights in the Former Yugoslavia for the United Nations until his protest resignation in the Summer of 1995, following the fall of Srebrenica. He is a leading member of the Polish Parliament in the Freedom Union political party. His Majesty King Michael of Romania, since his enforced exile in 1947, has been actively engaged in his country's affairs and lectures widely on the problems of transformation of Communist societies in Eastern Europe. Notes on the Contributors ix Major Nicaise serves in the French Army and has been a student at the College Interarmees de Defense from 1994 to 1995. Elisabeth do Reau is a Professor at the Sorbonne-Paris Ill. Manfred Rommel completed his Abitur in 1947 and went on to train as a lawyer at Tubingen University, working in regional government administration in Baden-Wurttemberg. He was first elected Mayor of Stuttgart in 1975, a post he continues to hold today, while continuing active involvement in regional and city politics as a member of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). He is the recipient of a number of International Orders, including the French Knight of the Legion of Honour and a CBE from the United Kingdom. Professor Geoffrey Till is Professor of History at the Department of History and International Affairs, Royal Naval College, Greenwich. Field Marshal Sir Richard Vincent GBE KCB DSO is Chairman of the North Atlantic Military Committee at NATO Headquarters in Belgium. President Richard von Weizsacker trained as a lawyer at Oxford, Grenoble and Gtittingen after serving in the Army during the War. He joined the CD U in 19 50 and had a successful international business career. A keen Protestant churchman, Dr von Weizsacker was Assembly President of the German Evangelical Church from 1964 to 1970. In 1969 he first entered the Bundestag and was CDU /CSU Floor Leader unti11981, when he became Vice-President of the Bundestag. In 1979 he became a member of the Berlin House of Representatives, from 1981 to 1984 serving as Governing Mayor of Berlin. From 1984 to 1994 he was President of the Federal Republic of Germany. ST. .JAMES'S PALACE The 50th Anniversary of VE Day is one of those important occasions that should move us all to look back and remember, but also, if we are wise, to look forward from the present, armed with our knowledge of the past. In commemorating the victory in Europe, our first duty is to recall the debt we owe to all those who fought to gain that victory, and to the many who gave their lives for us.