N. B, The authors regret thac many errors escaped correction in the final proof-reading, and also that earlfer editing of the typescript failed to delete fractured syntax, dangling modifiers, other objectionable items, or to repair faulty grammar and mis- placed punctuation. The reader's attention is called to the following partial list sf errors in the hope of clarifying the intended meaning of the topics discussed: Po X In the captions far Figures 52 and 53 and at several places in the report Horner Ford appears as Horner Foard in error, p. xvi Second pa.ragraph, line 6, change "acquifers" to "aquifers". Map following p. xx Creek in lower left of map is Horner Ford not Harper Ford. Po 2 Line 3, insert a cormna after "'channel". p. 42 Second paragraph, Pine 2 from bottom, insert semicolon after the word "error" in place of coma. p. 48 Hyphenate 'Thirty-year" in title of Table 5 and correct last column heading to Ratio of Net Change: Total, changing acres to %. p. 85 Caption for Figure 26, first paragraph, last line substitute "than" for "then". p. 104 Line 9 should read "..., mountain hardwoods, Merrick and Johnson (l952)." Line 10 delete "and'bat start of line. Third paragraph, line 3, insert "comparing" after "even". Line 2 of footnote should begin ""iclearing land, ..." Line 13, change "or" to "of". Second paragraph, line 5, insert "stand" after "aspen". Line 13, change "absorbed" to "adsorbed". Picture is on its side and reference to Figure 60 in caption should be to Figure 59. Line 3 from bottom, insert "preceding" at end of line. Line 3 from bottom change "oft'to "or". N. 3. The authors regret thar many errors escaped correction in the final proof-reading, and also that earlier editing of the typescript failed zo delete fracsured syntax, dangling modiffers, other objectionabPe items, or to repair faulty grammar and mis- placed punceuatfsn, The reader's attention is called to the folPowing partial Efsr of errors in the hope of clarifying the intended meaning af the copies discussed: Po X in the capcfons for Figures 5.2 and 53 and at several places in the report Warner Ford appears as Rorner Poard in error, p. xvi Second paragraph, line 6, change "acquif ers" to "aquifers". Map following p, xx Creek in lower left of map is Hsrner Ford not Harper Ford. Line 3, inserc a coma after "chailneIs', Second paragraph, line 2 from bottom, insert semicolon after the word ''errorq' in place of crsm.a. Hyphenate "Thfrty-year" in title of Table 5 and correct last colurm heading to Ratfa of Net Change: Total, changing acres to %, '\ Caption for Figure 26, first paragraph, East Pine substitute v'than'q for 'ktherr", Lfne 9 ehculd read ",,,, mountain hardwoods, Merrick and Johnson $19%2)," Line 96 delete "'and" at start of Sine. Third paragraph, Pine 3, insert "'comparing" after "even". Line 2 of footnote should begin "in clearfng land, ..." Line 3.3, -hange ""ors'to r9~frr0 Second paragraph, Xime 5, insert "standrs after "aspen". Line 13, change "absorbedqBto Picture is on its side and reference to Figure 60 in caption should be to Figure 59. Lfne 3 from bottom, insert "preceding" at end of line. Lfne 3 from bottom change "sf" tts "or"', THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE Office of the Director 124 Riddick Building North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina, 27607 Telephone: 919:755-2815 September 5, 1972 TO: Wi3Ok1 IT MAY CONCERN lc'. FROH: David H. Howells, Director , , ,j (.-!.,, ,+,i? + SUBJECT : Institute Report No. 71--"Effects of Land Use on Municipal Watersheds," by Drs. T. Ewald Maki and William L. Hafley, School of Forest Resources, North Carolina State University The attached report covers a three-year study of the effects of land use on the Lake Michie watershed and its effects on water quality, quantity, and timing of flow. Lake Fiichie is the sourco of water supply for the City of Durham. It will be of interest to planners, engineers, foresters, munici- pal officials, and regulatory agencies concerned with water supply and pollution control. The management of municipal watersheds to maxin~izewater quality and quantity is an essential part of the water supply process. The recommendations on pages xix-xx warrant the attention of all persons with related responsi- bilities. Attachment THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA is comprised of the sixteen public senior institutions in North Carolina UNG-WRRI- 9 2 - 7 1. EFFECTS OF LAND USE ON NUNICLPbL IqATERSHZDS By T., E, Makf Behenck Professor a£ Poresery School ot Fetest Rzssurces Narrh Carohinh Ssace Unfversfry RaPefgh, North GaroElna 27607 W, L, Hairley Associate Brofesssr of Forest Blonetry and Statistics Departments sf Foresrrg and StarLstics Norzh CaseHfna State Uaxversfty Raleigh, Nc~%h Casobina 27601 The work upon which this publication is based was supported in part by funds provided by ehe Offxca of Water Resources Research, Department of he Interior, chrsugh the Water Ressurees Research Instlaace of the Universxty of Nsreh Carolina as authorized under the Warer Resources Research Act of 1964. Project No, B-OEO-NC Agreement No, 14-01-0001-1934, P, P, 1969 The authors are deeply indebted ta many indivfduals and agencies far invaluable assistance and cooperation on various phases of this project, Major conrr~butionswere made by Graduate Research Assfstants Davfd D, Chapman, Soop 8; Faber, Harry J. van Lsoek 111, and Charles P. Wflliams ehrough research on specific phases of the project, and to Graduate Srudents Dale K- AElison, Setyono Saserasumarto and Thsmas 1, Vermillion for data compilations and analyses; by School. Poresc Manager Laurens G. Jervis fcr reservoir sedimentaefon probfng and stream gaugmg of small watersheds; by Professor J, 0. Lamxi for assistance in securing necessary aerial photo sets and for critical review of the manuscript; and by Professor Charles W. Welby of the Department of Geosclences :or gufdance and help in csnducelng and rnterpretfng the seismic survey of Lake Mfchie. Further, we offer graceful acknowledgmene to Professors Charles B. Davey and D, L. Holley for a searching review sf, and valuable suggestions sn ehe manuscript, Professor D. B, J. Steensen for suggestions during the PnirfatFnn of the project, Professor J, W. Duffield for his photographic csntriburions in addftion to critical review of the manuscript; Wade Brown, Director of the Department of Warer Resources, City of Durham, and to his staff for invaluable cooperation in supplyikg background infsrmarion and data on the operation of the water resources facility; the Recreation Department of the City of Durham for making equipment available for reservoir surveys; and the Soil Testing Division of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture for chemical analyses of soil samples. The assistance of Professor David H. Howells, Director and Mrs. Kfnda Kiger, Administrative Assistant of the Water Resources Research Institute in facilitating all aspects of this Investigation was invaluable, Finally, without the dedicated help and cooperation of all who were associated with the project, especially at the typing and reproduction stage, the compfetfon of this report would not have been possible. ABSTRACT A study of ehe Lake Miehfe Watershed, the ssurce of water for the mvnxcipalfzy of Dxrham, Norch Carolina, is reporcede The study was concerned with evaluating the effects sf fand use on water quality, quantity and timxng of flow durnng the 43-year period since the establfshmen~sf the Pske, The characterfstrc csmposftion af the solls and the vegetarive cover and %hen influence on the hydrology of the besm are discussed, Through the interpretat~snsf aerial photographs, Agrieulrurai Census Data and other historic doeumenzs, ehe nature sf fand use changes wfthfn the watershed have been traced, An fn~erpre~atasnsf the influence of these land use changes fs offered. Current status of the watershed is detailed and recommendations presented for improving the quaEfzy of the water and the general hydrologic eharaeteristics of rhe watershed. The study highltghts the problems encountered by a Water Resources Department that must manage water avafXab$lity on a watershed where LC is not the major Land om-ier. TABLE OF CONTENTS RECOMMENDATIONS a = XZX CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION . , , . , , . , , . 1 General . s*-,&oe -*seo8 1 Idhat makes Chis watershed of anterest znd concern?, 2 CHAPTER 111 CONDITION OF THE WATERSHED PRIOR TO 1926 31 TABLE OF CONTENTS (csnrinued) Page The role of forest fires 35 Resnlts 42 What do these data rmpfy about the watershed , 47 WATER QUALITY, QUANTITY, AND TIMING 59 About wacer quality . 59 General, . 59 The water ssurcq and the nature of data , 50 Results and analysis of data , 61 Zlmitarfons ro quality control , , , . , . About quantity or yield . 84 General. 84 Flat River discharge , , 88 About timing and ySeEd 9k Generalo 94 Station locations and available data 94 Analysis sf stream-flow trends , 96 Prsepeets for POW-flow augmentation a 101 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Trade offs and economic implications . 104 The forest floor and infiltration capacity . 104 Is pine to hardwood conversion justified? , . 106 Are pines devoid of hydrologically beneficial characteristics? . El3 What price hardwoods , , , . , . 116 What about grass as an alternative . 122 Some examples of stormflow quality and timing . 925 CHAPTER VI THESEDIMENTISSUE . 132 General. , . , 132 Recent probings and observations. 133 Seismic probing of Lake Michie , . 148 Character of surface sediments in reservoir . 165 A look at the road system . , . , . 170 Direct estimates and observation of road runoff and sediment transport . 174 Reduction of pollution from roads . 176 CHAPTER VII FUTURE OUTLOOK FOR THE LAKE MICHIE WATERSHED . 185 General, , , . , , . , . ,185 Trends in rural land use , , . , . 185 Trends in forestry , . , . , , , . 187 TABLE OF CONTENTS $ecarinued) Page Urban growth and rurban aneroachment. a 19 E Management alternatives . a 19 3 EXPERIENCES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF MUNICEPAL WATERSYEDS.