Taiwan can be a reliable partner for India on Mandarin Education Policy Comment [WU1]: There is no part of the method Comment [WU2]: The topic is interesting . ABSTRACT Comment [WU3]: The abstract better including purposes of this research, methhod of this research, and the result of this research. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi has responded to the China’s aggression in the border of Eastern Ladakh in 2020, maybe even in terms of language, Indian government has dropped Mandarin among foreign languages in its National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. Indian government reviewed China's Confucius Institutes amid global concern, as well as university level MoUs between India and China. However, learning Mandarin would be encouraged in India by considering its national security, academic research, historical ties and economic development. Under this circumstance, the best policy option for India would be to get Mandarin teachers or train more Mandarin teachers from Taiwan, where Mandarin is official language as well. This article explores the reasons from historical context in India to Taiwan’s current development on Mandarin education, including its qualified teacher, test and satisfaction of partnering institutes. Indian government should strategically consider having more cooperation with Taiwan in providing Mandarin learning for its younger generation. Taiwan is a reliable partner for India on Mandarin Education Policy. Keywords: India, Taiwan, Mandarin, Taiwan Education Centre, Chinese language 1. INTRODUCTION Comment [WU4]: Better writting the introduction based on Create a Research Space (CARS) model India and China have had strong economic and cultural ties since ancient times, which is the starting point of language exchanges between two sides. Nowadays, younger generation are Comment [WU5]: There is no previous studies motivated to learn Chinese language by the increasing amount of investment between two talking this topic sides, fast-growing market and job opportunities. Due to so called one-China policy, most Indians didn’t know about Taiwan, in which Mandarin Chinese is official language spoken in this nation. Fewer Indians knows Taiwan has long history in training Mandarin Chinese for foreigners. 2. HISTORICAL TIES WITH CHINESE LANGUAGE IN INDIA Regarding the history of India’s exposure to the Chinese language, the most famous among the available historical materials are the Chinese senior Buddhist monk and translator Faxian (approximately 337-422AD)1, Xuanzang (602-664AD)2 and Yijing (635 -713AD)3. The three masters arrived in ancient India to study Buddhist scriptures and translate them into Chinese. This should be called “book road”, rather than “silk road”. The influence was far- 1Sheng, Yen. (2004). Master Faxian’s influence on Buddhism. Chung-Hwa Buddhist Studies, No. 8, 1-8. Taipei: The Chung-Hwa Institute of Buddhist Studies. 2 Lee, Orient. (2009). A Foreign Student Who Risked His Life: Xuanzang. Universal Gate Buddhist Journal, 54, 122-131. Taipei: Fo Guang Shan Foundation for Buddhist Culture & Education 3 Ludvik, Catherine. (2004). A Harivaṃśa Hymn in Yijing's Chinese Translation of the Sutra of Golden Light. Journal of the American Oriental Society, v. 124 n. 4, 707-734. Ann Arbor, MI, US: American Oriental Society. reaching. Xuanzang's famous book "Da Tang Xi Yu Ji (Story of the Western Regions of the Great Tang Dynasty)" even confirmed the Chinese translation of "India". The three monks also went to study Buddhist scriptures at the location of current Nalanda International University. According to historical literature, Nalanda University was established in the 5th century. It was an eminent centre of learning long before Oxford, Cambridge and Europe's oldest Bologna University were founded.4 It was not until 1193 that the Turkish Bakhtiyar Khalji Invaded and destroyed this centre of knowledge dissemination in the current Bihar State, North India. It attracted people from all over the world to study at the university, including Chinese at that time. It was a gathering place for early religious beliefs and social practices. When Faxian arrived, Nalanda was a place where the gathering and research of Buddhist scriptures prevailed, but when Xuanzang and Jingyi arrived, there were already large-scale lecture halls. They both studied there for many years, especially for translation of texts.5 In India, modern Mandarin Chinese learning began with the French Sinologist Sylvain Levi6 (1863-1935) who taught Mandarin courses in the Department of History of the University of Calcutta in 1919. Tan Yunshan and Chinese Academy in Shantiniketan were founded afterwards. Tan Yun-Shan arrived at Shantiniketan in 1928 and joined Visva Bharati as a Professor of Chinese Studies. He held discussions with the intellectual fraternity at Shantiniketan. Through the establishment of the "Sino-Indian Cultural Society" for fundraising, he gained financial support from the ruling party Kuomintang (KMT), particularly from Yu Youren, Dai Chuanxian and others. Together with the strong support of Rabindranath Tagore, the Chinese Academy (Cheena Bhavana) was established on April 14, 1937, with Tan Yunshan as the dean.7 The stone inscription on the main board outside the existing building was from Lin Sen, the then president of the Republic of China, and the plaque inside the building was written by Dai Chuanxian, the key supporter. Chiang Kai-shek, the Chinese nationalist leader and supremo, and Madame Chiang, visited Cheena Bhavana in 1942. They donated precious and rare ancient literature to the Cheena Bhavana library, like Records of the Grand historians, Han Book, Book of Later Han, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, Kangxi Dictionary, etc. They also announced a further donation of Rs. 50,000. China between 1912 and 1949 actually was governed by the government of the Republic of China, namely, currently Taiwan’s government. Most Indians didn’t understand this part of history. With the changes in Sino-Indian relations, the School of Foreign Languages, established by the Ministry of Defence in New Delhi, added Mandarin courses in 1959. The Ford Foundation of the United States donated funds to the University of Delhi to develop Chinese studies and Mandarin teaching in 1964. The Indian government also established a five-year Mandarin program in the School of Foreign Languages at Jawaharlal Nehru University in 1969.8 In 2012, under the MoU signed by Indian Central Board of Secondary Education 4 Sharma, Yojana. (2013). India's ancient university returns to life. BBC NEWS. Retrieved August 20, 2020 from https://www.bbc.com/news/business-22160989 5Xuanzang's "Story of the Western Regions of the Great Tang Dynasty", "The Biography of the Eminent Monks in the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty", "The Legend of the Nanhai Jigui Neifa", and Huili's "The Biography of the Three Zang Masters of the Dacien Temple" have all explained the Nalanda Temple. Yijing described the layout, architectural style, monastery system and living habits of monks and monks in Nalanda Temple in particular details. 6 Sylvain Levi also taught at Visva Bharati University in Santiniketan from 1921-1922. 7 Li, Zhifu. (1982). On Mr. Tan Yunshan - Response and Challenge. United Daily News. Taipei: United Daily News Co., Ltd. December 9, 1993. Retrieved August 20, 2020 from http://www.chibs.edu.tw/ch_html/projects/Leezhifu/html/journal/j045.htm 8 Singapore Archives. (2013). Witnessing Chinese Education in India. Retrieved August 20, 2020 from https://www.sginsight.com/xjp/index.php?id=11238 (CBSE) and China’s Hanban, China trained 300 teachers for India and annually provided 100 scholarships,9 which marked a significant milestone for India and China in Mandarin education. However, nowadays, many Indian teachers who teach Mandarin in Indian schools or universities are graduates from the Chinese Department of Jawaharlal Nehru University, rather than teachers who joined Hanban’s training programs. According to websites of all universities in India, this study found there were at least 27 university departments in India offered Mandarin courses or programs in 2019, as shown in Table 1. Table 1: Mandarin department/program/certificate course of HE institution in India No. Name of Institution State 1 Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management AP 2 SRM University AP 3 Vellore Institute of Technology AP 4 Dibrugarh University Assam 5 Tezpur University Assam 6 Magadh University Bihar 7 Nava Nalanda Mahavihara Bihar 8 Central University of Gujarat Gujarat 9 Gujarat Vidyapith Gujarat 10 Deen Bandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology Haryana 11 Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak Haryana 12 Manav Rachna University Haryana 13 O.P. Jindal Global University Haryana 14 Sikkim University Sikkim 15 SRM Institute of Science & Technology Tamil Nadu 16 Central University of Jharkhand Jharkhand 17 Bangalore University Karnataka 18 Bengaluru Central University Karnataka 19 Christ University, Bangalore Karnataka 20 University of Mysore Karnataka 21 Delhi University Delhi 22 Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi 23 Symbiosis Institute Of Foreign And Indian Languages, Pune Maharashtra 24 Visva Bharati University West Bengal 25 University Of Calcutta West Bengal 26 Panjab University, Chandigarh Punjab 27 Banaras Hindu University Uttar Pradesh 9 Krishnan, Ananth. (2012), The Hindu. China to train 300 Indian teachers in Mandarin. Retrieved August 20, 2020 from https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/china-to-train-300-indian-teachers-in- mandarin/article3817554.ece#:~:text=China%20will%20train%20300%20Indian,introduce%2