Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity of Syzygium jambos and Leucosidea sericea in addressing acne vulgaris By RICHA SHARMA 10434683 Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHIAE: MEDICINAL PLANT SCIENCE In the Faculty of Natural & Agricultural Science University of Pretoria (July 2014) SUPERVISOR: Professor Namrita Lall DECLARATION I,..............Richa Sharma........................................., hereby declare that the dissertation/thesis, which I submit for the degree Doctor of Philosophiae in the Department of Plant Science, at the University of Pretoria, is my own work and has not been previously submitted by me for a degree at this or any other tertiary institution. Signature: Date: PLAGIARISM DECLARATION UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA DEPARTMENT OF PLANT SCIENCE FACULTY OF NATURAL AND AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES Full name: Richa Sharma Student number: 10434683 Title of the work: Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity of Syzygium jambos and Leucosidea sericea in addressing acne vulgaris Declaration 1. I understand what plagiarism entails and am aware of the University’s policy in this regard. 2. I declare that this thesis is my own, original work. Where someone else’s work was used (whether from a printed source, the internet or any other source) due acknowledgment was given and reference was made according to departmental requirements. 3. I did not make use of another student’s previous work and submit it as my own. 4. I did not allow and will not allow anyone to copy my work with the intention of presenting it as his or her own work. Signature Date July 14, 2014 DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my parents, in-laws and family for being a positive motivating force in my life. A special gratitude for my wonderful daughter YAHVI and my dear husband PANKAJ for being there for me throughout. Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... i LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................... xiii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................... xiv PREFACE ................................................................................................................................... xv SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................. xviii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... xix Chapter 1 General Introduction 1.1 Background and motivation of the study ......................................................................... 2 1.2 Objectives of the study ...................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Structure of thesis .............................................................................................................. 4 1.4 References ......................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 2 Acne: a review on epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment options 2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Cosmeceuticals .................................................................................................................. 9 2.3 Skin and acne .................................................................................................................... 9 2.4 Epidemiology .................................................................................................................. 11 2.5 Propionibacterium acnes, the causative agent ................................................................ 12 2.6 Pathogenesis of Propionibacterium acnes ..................................................................... 13 2.7 Immunology of acne ........................................................................................................ 14 2.8 Conventional drugs available for treating acne ............................................................... 15 2.9 Possible potential of plants for treating acne .................................................................. 17 2.10 References ....................................................................................................................... 19 Chapter 3 Plants selected for the present study 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 23 3.2 Description of selected plants ......................................................................................... 24 i 3.2.1 Acacia caffra (Thunb.) Willd. ............................................................................. 24 3.2.2 Acacia galpinii Burtt Davy ................................................................................. 25 3.2.3 Acacia mellifera Benth. ....................................................................................... 26 3.2.4 Aloe arborescens Mill ......................................................................................... 27 3.2.5 Aloe barbadensis Mill ......................................................................................... 28 3.2.6 Aloe ferox Mill. ................................................................................................... 29 3.2.7 Aloe sessiliflora Pole-Evans. ............................................................................... 30 3.2.8 Anchusa capensis Thunb. .................................................................................... 31 3.2.9 Annona senegalensis Pers. .................................................................................. 32 3.2.10 Arbutus unedo L. ................................................................................................ 33 3.2.11 Aspalathus linearis R.Dahlgren .......................................................................... 34 3.2.12 Barleria albostellata C. B. Clarke ...................................................................... 35 3.2.13 Barleria repens Nees ........................................................................................... 36 3.2.14 Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. ..................................................................... 37 3.2.15 Buxus macowanii Oliv. ....................................................................................... 38 3.2.16 Carpobrotus edulis (L.) L. Bolus ........................................................................ 39 3.2.17 Ceratonia siliqua L. ............................................................................................ 40 3.2.18 Combretum apiculatum Sond. ............................................................................. 40 3.2.19 Combretum molle Engl. & Diels. ........................................................................ 41 3.2.20 Cotyledon orbiculata L. ...................................................................................... 42 3.2.21 Cryptocarya woodii Engl. ................................................................................... 44 3.2.22 Dahlia imperialis Roezl ...................................................................................... 44 3.2.23 Datura stramonium L. ......................................................................................... 45 3.2.24 Dichrostachys cinerea L. White & Arn. ............................................................. 46 3.2.25 Diospyros lycioides Desf. .................................................................................... 47 3.2.26 Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. ...................................................................................... 48 3.2.27 Erythrophleum lasianthum Corbishley .............................................................. 49 3.2.28 Euclea divinorum Hiern ..................................................................................... 50 3.2.29 Euclea natalensis A. DC. .................................................................................... 51 3.2.30 Galenia africana L.. ............................................................................................ 52 3.2.31 Gomphocarpus fruticosus R. Br. ......................................................................... 53 3.2.32 Greyia flanaganii Bolus ...................................................................................... 54 ii 3.2.33 Greyia sutherlandii Hook. & Harv. .................................................................... 55 3.2.34 Harpephyllum caffrum Bernh. ex Krauss. ........................................................... 56 3.2.35 Helichrysum argyrophyllum DC.. ....................................................................... 57 3.2.36 Helichrysum glomeratum Klatt. .......................................................................... 58 3.2.37 Heteropyxis natalensis Harv. .............................................................................. 59 3.2.38 Hyaenanche globosa Lamb. ................................................................................ 60 3.2.39 Knowltonia