SYRIANS BAROMETER 2019 A FRAMEWORK FOR ACHIEVING SOCIAL COHESION WITH SYRIANS IN TURKEY Prof. Dr. M. Murat ERDOĞAN SB 2019 SYRIANS BAROMETER 2019 A FRAMEWORK FOR ACHIEVING SOCIAL COHESION WITH SYRIANS IN TURKEY SB2019 Prof. Dr. M. Murat ERDOĞAN July -2020 M. MURAT ERDOĞAN SYRIANS BAROMETER-2019: A FRAMEWORK FOR ACHIEVING SOCIAL COHESION WITH SYRIANS IN TURKEY ORİON KİTABEVİ ISBN: 978-605-9524-83-4 © Orion Kitabevi, July 2020 Cover & Book Design: Ayla SEZGÜN Back Cover Design: Yavuz UZUNAL Translation from Turkish to English: Dr. Onur UNUTULMAZ Cover Photo: Emrah GÜREL Print: Atalay Konfeksiyon Matbacılık ve Reklam İnş Tur.Otomotiv San.ve Tic.Ltd.Şti/Sertifika No:47911 Zübeyda Hanım Mah.Süzgün Cad.No:7 Altındağ /Ankara, Tel: 0312.3844182 Orion Kitabevi Selanik Cad. No:72 06640 Kızılay / ANKARA Tel: 0 312 417 78 35 [email protected] www.orionkitabevi.com.tr [email protected] Syrian Barometer-2019 book and executive summaries in Turkish, English and Arabic available online: www.tagu.tau.edu.tr / www.unhcr.org/tr / www.mmuraterdogan.com This study was commissioned by UNHCR. The study reflects the personal views of the author, which may not necessarily be shared by UNHCR, and UNHCR may not be held responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. To Rüya… Table of Contents Table of Contents .............................................................................................................................................................................. V List of Tables ...................................................................................................................................................................................... VIII List of Figures .................................................................................................................................................................................... XIII Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................................................................... XIV A Chronological Review of Recent Developments Concerning the Syrians in Turkey and International Protection .................................................................................................................................................................. XV Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Refugee Law and the Legal Framework Concerning International Protection in Turkey. ............................ 4 a. Law on Foreigners and International Protection (2013) ................................................................................. 5 b. Temporary Protection Regulation ....................................................................................................................... 7 c. The Status of Syrians in Turkey ............................................................................................................................ 8 d. International Protection Applicants in Turkey ................................................................................................... 8 2. Social Acceptance and Integration .......................................................................................................................... 12 I. SYRIANS UNDER TEMPORARY PROTECTION IN TURKEY ................................................................................................ 23 1. Numerical Data Concerning Syrians in Turkey ...................................................................................................... 24 a. General View ............................................................................................................................................................ 24 b. The Process of Registration, Updating and Reliability of Numbers ............................................................. 25 c. Distribution of Syrians in Turkey by Cities ......................................................................................................... 26 d. Urban Refugees ....................................................................................................................................................... 29 e. Age and Sex Distribution of Syrians in Turkey .................................................................................................. 30 2. Syrians in Turkey and Education ............................................................................................................................... 33 a. General Educational Attainment Level of Syrians in Turkey .......................................................................... 33 b. School Age (5-17 Years of Age) Syrian Children in Turkey ............................................................................. 35 c. Regulations of Ministry of Education Concerning Education of Syrians in Turkey .................................................................................................................................... 36 d. Syrians in Turkish Higher Education System ..................................................................................................... 38 e. Turkish Language Courses and Vocational Training ........................................................................................ 39 3. Livelihoods of Syrians in Turkey ................................................................................................................................ 40 a. Regulations Concerning Right to Work ............................................................................................................... 40 b. Social Cohesion Assistance Program (SUY/ESSN) ............................................................................................ 41 c. Syrians and the Informal Economy ...................................................................................................................... 42 d. Entrepreneurship ..................................................................................................................................................... 44 II. SYRIANS BAROMETER-2019 JUSTIFICATION AND RESEARCH INFORMATION ...................................................... 46 III. SB-2019: TURKISH SOCIETY (CITIZENS OF REPUBLIC OF TURKEY) ......................................................................... 50 III-A- SB-2019: TURKISH SOCIETY RESEARCH PROFILE .................................................................................................... 50 1. Research Background and Profile ............................................................................................................................. 50 III-B. SB-2019- TURKISH SOCIETY RESEARCH FINDINGS .................................................................................................. 54 1. Spatial Proximity with Syrians and Awareness ...................................................................................................... 54 2. How do Turkish Society See the Syrians? ............................................................................................................... 54 3. The Adjectives / Labels that Fit Syrians According to the Turkish Society ..................................................... 57 4. Perception of Cultural Similarity ............................................................................................................................... 61 5. Interactions and Communication with Syrians ...................................................................................................... 64 6. Support to Syrians ........................................................................................................................................................ 68 7. Social Distance .............................................................................................................................................................. 71 8. Livelihood: How Syrians in Turkey earn their living ............................................................................................ 77 9. Looking at the Society from Outside ................................................................................................................... 79 10. Anxieties: Security, Serenity and Social Acceptance ............................................................................................ 81 11. Experiencing “personal harm” from Syrians ......................................................................................................... 85 12. Right to Work and Anxiety over Loss of Jobs ........................................................................................................ 90 13. Opening Workplaces / Entrepreneurship ................................................................................................................ 92 14. The Future: “Will Syrians Return?” ............................................................................................................................ 93 15. “Where Should Syrians Live?”: “Are We Ready for Living Together?” ................................................................ 97 16. A Look on Common Future .......................................................................................................................................